Since the development of civilization, today, humans have become accustomed to freely stretching the wings of imagination and to change everything around them as they wish. As long as we are willing, humans can enter heaven and earth, and they can also invent inventions at the one-billionth metering level; they can clone infertile species from future generations, and even make seeds that can reproduce normal ability. Unbelievable results, the so-called terminator crops. Terminator crops began field experiments in France and Belgium as early as 1990, and quickly spread to Sweden, Canada and the United Kingdom. In the United States, this record was even advanced as early as 1987. Its purpose was to protect the patents of genetically modified high-tech crop seeds. The core technology of the immature Seed Terminator crop is the "Terminator" technology. In the United States, the "Delta and Pine Land" (DPL) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture are now jointly purchased by the Monsanto company. The application was approved by the U.S. Patent Office in March 1998 and the patent name was "control of plant gene expression". DPL claims that this patent is a "technical protection system," and the International Agricultural Promotion Foundation calls it "terminator" technology, which is currently only applied to tobacco and cotton. The Terminator crop is essentially a genetically modified crop whose technical content can be expressed as follows: Three "terminator genes" are added to transgenic crops, and the resulting transgenic crop seeds are induced by an inducer (possibly tetracycline) through the "terminator". The interaction between genes produces a toxin later in the embryonic development of the seed, killing the late embryos, and finally obtaining mature, sterile seeds. Nowadays, genetically modified crops that are widely grown in the world can improve yield, improve quality, resist pests and diseases, and resist herbicides by modifying genes. Farmers can get this kind of high-tech seeds once and for all, and they are considered by patent owners to be infringements of patent rights, resulting in Terminator crops. If a farmer buys the "Terminator" rapeseed from the seed company, the planted rapeseed can only be used for oil extraction, but it cannot be preserved as a seed for replanting in the coming year, and it must pay for the seed again. This makes it impossible for farmers to continue the production methods that have existed for thousands of years. It is no longer possible to store a part of the fruit from harvested crops as seeds in the past to guarantee the continuity and circulation of the production process. As a result, it has been taken for granted around the world. The peasants firmly oppose it. Biologists' analysis of the technology itself and the research on many factors involved in its operation show that because the seed produced by the Terminator technology is indistinguishable from ordinary seeds, it may be sold after sowing or exchanged. Production causes irreparable damage; sterile genes may spread through pollen in plantations, leading to the collapse of local agriculture. If this technology is really promoted and commercialized, the consequences will be disastrous. The news that the Terminator technology was patented came out immediately and it caused great repercussions. In India, cotton farmers uprooted and burned Monsanto's Bt GM cotton; in Chile, the technology was considered a disaster in the seed industry and a "neutron bomb" in agriculture. At the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research held in October 1998, the representatives of Uganda, India, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Germany clearly expressed their opposition to the use of Terminator technology, considering that the original purpose of this technology was to protect the intellectual property rights of genetically modified crops, and Solve the ecological risks brought by transgene escape, but the consequences are very serious: a serious threat to the global food security; have a negative impact on genetic diversity, but also cause new bio-safety issues; affect farmers' breeding and retention rights , damage the economic interests of farmers. According to figures released by the United Nations, the food sources of more than 1.4 billion people around the world rely on harvested seeds, so Terminator technology may threaten the global food supply. The International Fund for the Advancement of Agriculture requested the U.S. government to ban the use of Terminator technology in November 1998 and expressed three requests to the U.S. Department of Agriculture to stop the issuance of the Terminator technology business license to Monsanto and to abandon this patented technology to the other 87 In the case of national use and promotion, the United States government should not intervene when it is banned from use by other countries. In this context, the scientific advisers of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity have proposed a technology that can protect both intellectual property rights and farmers' relative acceptance - "Genetic use restriction technology for special traits (T-Gurt)". T-Gurt seed is a genetically modified seed with special traits. If farmers want to activate the trait of this seed, they must go to the company concerned to buy chemicals to spray the seed. One of the two key parts of Terminator technology, site-specific recombination, is performed by a recombinase that recognizes a specific site, a short DNA sequence. Any DNA sequence that is sandwiched between two such sites can be cleaved by this recombinase. Another key part is the so-called Terminator technology, which includes three "terminator genes": the barnase gene, the recombinase gene, and the repressor gene. Bacillus ribonuclease can destroy RNA, and RNA is the carrier for transmitting genetic information when all genes are expressed. Therefore, this enzyme has fatal lethality to all cells that express it, unless the barstars inhibitor (barstar) is simultaneously Exist in cells. This enzyme and its inhibitors are all products of the soil bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. In this bacterial cell, both stick together in a one-to-one fashion and the killing of the enzyme is eliminated by its inhibitor. However, when it is secreted outside the soil bacterial cells, it can cause damage to other cells due to the absence of inhibitors. For the purpose of pollen abortion, the barnase gene is placed under the control of a specific promoter. The role of this promoter is to allow the gene to be expressed only during the development of the anther (the male part of the flower). In theory, the barnase gene, along with its specific anther promoter, will be sewn together with genes that increase the quality of the crop, allowing the transgenic crop to no longer produce productive pollen. There is no true reproduction of this type of male infertility. Even in the case of outbreaks of heterozygous, the resulting reproductive seed will only come from non-genetically modified species, and the seed will not have herbicide resistance. Therefore, if farmers want crops that are resistant to herbicides, they must purchase new seeds each year. How does the seed company reproduce seeds? The seed company uses a site-specific combinatorial technique to add a blocking sequence that can interfere with the promoter's turn-on gene between the promoter and the barnase gene. Both ends of the blocking sequence are recognized by the recombinase. Location. In general, the barnase gene is not expressed due to the blocking sequence, so the crop produces seed that can be bred. However, in the case of recombinases, the recombinase cleaves the blocking sequence between the promoter and the barnase gene, and the barnase is expressed and exerts its toxic effect. Therefore, whether the recombinant enzyme is expressed or not determines whether the seed can breed offspring. The recombinase gene is also placed under the control of a promoter, and there is also a short sequence between the promoter and the recombinase gene, which is the binding site for the repressor protein. The repressor protein binds to the binding site and the promoter fails to start the recombinase gene. However, tetracycline and other inducers can interfere with the binding of the repressor protein, so once tetracycline is used, the recombinase is expressed and the barnase is expressed. The recombinase and the barnase can be designed in the same transgenic lineage or can be hybridized to produce hybrids between the line containing the barnase gene and the anther containing the recombinase gene. The seed company treats the harvested seeds with tetracycline and then sells them to farmers to ensure that the grown crops are pollen-sterile. If the purpose of female infertility is to be achieved, the barnase gene is placed under the control of another promoter that acts only when the ovule (the female part of the flower) develops. In addition, the recombinase can also be modified in the same gene as the barnase inhibitor gene design as an article system. This strain is hybridized with a strain containing a barnase gene and the resulting seed is tetracycline-treated and theoretically still fertile. Since the poisoning effect of barnase is inhibited by its inhibitors, only about half of the crops obtained after planting have the good traits of introgression, and about one third of the seeds may be completely infertile. Is Gene Control System Effective? In this era of knowledge-based economy, there is nothing wrong with patent owners controlling the use of scientific and technological achievements in order to earn maximum benefits. What's more, some people think that this technology can prevent gene loss caused by genetic modification technology. But can this technology effectively prevent gene loss? In fact, any gene control system is not 100% effective, and the Terminator technology system is no exception. In particular, this genetic control system has such complex details that it is impossible to control it now, and it is inevitable to produce some reproductive pollen/seeds. In field cultivation, genetically modified crops in which the pollen (ovule) is infertile can still be heterodiversified and fertilized with genetically similar non-genetically modified pollen (ovules). Gene escape cannot be completely avoided. On the other hand, in this gene control system, the modified DNA is directly transferred to the cells of the distant species and binds to the genome in the cells. The increasing complexity of genetically modified control systems will only increase structural instability, thereby accelerating horizontal gene transfer between unrelated species. In various environments, the transfer of the target gene to the genome of bacteria and viruses is possible. Plant residues, dust and pollen may contribute to this gene transfer; insects that spread pollen and feed on the plant may become further horizontal genes. Transferring media. Compared with ordinary transgenic crops, the harm caused by this technical system may be even more serious. On the one hand, barnase inactivates all RNA indiscriminately, so it is harmful if not fatal to all cells, including animals and humans. Experiments have shown that injecting barnase into the kidneys of rats can cause kidney damage. Therefore, this technology must not be allowed to be used in any genetically modified crop, let alone in crops that are used as animal feed or human food. On the other hand, the site-specific recombinase cleavage site is not 100% accurate, and it has been demonstrated that this recombinase caused unexpected genomic sequence recombination and deletion. In other words, recombinases have the potential to disrupt the genome in an unpredictable way. Environmental Impact Assessment At present, people are still doubtful about the food safety and environmental safety of ordinary genetically modified crops. It is only natural that the Terminator crops have caused angry condemnation. Terminator genes can be transmitted not only in closely related species between related species but also in unrelated species by horizontal transfer. Whether it is a barnase gene or a recombinase gene, its transfer will have a strong, even potentially deadly, effect on agriculture and biodiversity. In the face of such a scientific conclusion that cannot be optimistic, how does the policy makers and patent-right companies in the relevant countries react? At the same time, the U.S. and British governments have simultaneously pushed Terminator technology to the public review stage in the name of preventing the loss of genes. Since 1992, there have been nearly 200 field trials related to the RNase gene in Bacillus, and most of the trials have not been evaluated for risk, because the environmental evaluation result of the first experiment was “no significant effect was foundâ€. Male sterile genetically modified crops include rape, rice, tobacco, cotton, potatoes, poplar, Petunia, and lettuce. The specific recombinase genes were also designed into the genomes of rice and papaya. There were 14 field-tests conducted in 1994 and 1998, and no environmental impact assessments were conducted together because such environmental impact assessments were deemed unnecessary. The implementation of these tests can certainly not be separated from the support of the government. The ACRE's publication entitled "Guidelines for Best Practices in the Field of Genetically Modified Crops" can only be seen as clearing the way for the commercialization of this alleged violation of basic human rights. It is no coincidence that the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s appraisal of Terminator patent rights at the same time. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is indeed considering the commercialization of this technology for the same reason that prevents the loss of genes. Obviously, wanting to contain the modified gene is tantamount to recognizing the unsafe nature of the transgene. Some experts believe that this killer crop should be promptly eliminated from the earth forever. In China, the "Administrative Measures on the Labeling of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms" was formally implemented on March 20, 2002. The implementation of this measure is an international trend. Now many countries in the world, including many countries in Asia such as Japan and South Korea, are carrying out the system of labeling agricultural genetically modified organisms. China has also begun to implement it. At present, most of the genetically modified foods in China are imported from the United States, and genetically modified agricultural products are still in the experimental stage. Only genetically modified cotton has been commercially produced on a large scale. The rapid advancement of modern science and technology has allowed humans to immerse themselves in self worship for a long time, and regards the global environment as merely a source of raw materials and an exhibition hall for human civilization. The deepening of understanding of how to understand the planet, how to understand oneself, and how to understand the relationship between itself and the earth has finally led humans to discover that the fact that mankind can never deny that it is part of the Earth's biosphere will eventually pay for each of his own willful actions. cost. However, in the face of the temptation of vested interests, can people remain sober and sensible in the absence of environmental risks? The genetic engineering technology that rose in the 20th century together with the environmental science is the best for humans to find the feeling of God. The voice of “the 21st century is the century of biology†is also growing louder and louder. Let us remember that "science and technology are double-edged swords", remember the ups and downs of industrial technology in the 20th century, learn from the ups and downs, and live in harmony with the surrounding environment, so as to retain the chance of survival for later generations, so that they can contact natural nature as a natural person. Natural life.
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Altitude: high altitude area light, clean air, environment close to original condition, no industrial pollution. With an average elevation of 1160-2900m, the central health center has a strong uv light, which produces the natural pollution-free apple, which conforms to the concept of a modern green diet.
Temperature: moderate temperature can avoid the chance of fruit tree encountering disease. The average temperature in ningxia is 8.4 degrees Celsius, which has an important influence on the growth, development, yield and quality of apple. The piedmont apple is thriving in such a good environment.
Humidity environment: moderate amount of rainfall provides necessary conditions for apple's growth. The annual rainfall in the central health region is 186 millimeters. The fruit is slow to grow and the fruit is hard and hard, which fully guarantees the fruit's sugar content and the relatively average size of apples.
Sunshine condition: apple is the fruit tree, the central health area of the whole year is nearly 3,800 hours, is beneficial to the Apple Fruit coloring. The piedmont apples are red and bright.
Temperature difference factors: ambassador apple nighttime respiration weak temperature gap between day and night, consume less organic matter, the accumulation of organic matter during the day more, that apple store down a large number of glucose sugar candy, etc have better taste. The average diurnal temperature difference between apple and apple is 14 degrees centigrade, and the larger diurnal temperature difference ensures the sweet and delicious characteristics of the apple.
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