Mariculture new species - European aquaculture
English name: Solea solea Also known as Senegal glutinous rice fish, baby fish, the emperor fish, the English name Common sole, is a bony fish, Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) 鳎-shaped head, suborder, Soleidae (Soleidae), Actinopterygii (ray-finned) Fishes) Europa is one of the largest and most flavored species in the genus Polygonum. It is a famous traditional precious marine fish on the European and Mediterranean coasts. Europa has a subtle, sweet and unique flavor, excellent quality meat, low fat content, roasted, boiled, baked, steamed, fried, all suitable for cooking methods, but also beautiful shape, cooking a good carp dishes is more pleasing. Therefore, it is not only the favorite of European people, but also in the world including Japan and the United States. Eurasian warm-blooded fish are distributed in the southern European regions of France such as Biscay, Spain and Portugal, and on the west coast of the Mediterranean. They mainly inhabit the coast. Within 100m of salty freshwater lagoons and shallow waters. The fish lurks in the silt during the day with little activity. At night, it patrols the bottom of the water and likes the sediment. It is a wide-salinity fish and can survive in salinity of 5‰ to 70‰. Suitable water temperature 12 °C ~ 31 °C, like the dark environment. European oyster male and female growth difference is relatively small, the maximum body length up to 600mm, in the appropriate breeding conditions, starting from the seed breeding year weight can exceed 500g. Otters are short in shape and thick in flesh, and can be listed on the European market at 250g. At present, the domestic market price of live European fish is as high as 120 yuan / kg ~ 160 yuan / kg, in addition to the global market demand, export prospects are broad, is the introduction of gums, the South another a good breed of marine aquaculture. Europa can use both existing turbot and gums for aquaculture facilities and also for pond culture. First, the point of factory culture 1. Seed pool requirements temperature control in the 1 °C ~ 2 °C range, the salinity difference does not exceed 5 ‰. 2. Cultivation density During the production process, the density of the culture in the pool should be adjusted in a timely manner. Generally, one specification screening can be conducted once a month for culture, and can be performed simultaneously with the cleaning tank. 3. Water quality management 1 Water depth and water temperature: The water depth is suitable between 40cm and 100cm. The optimum temperature range for growth is 12°C to 25°C. Europium is sensitive to changes in water temperature, so it is required to keep the water temperature relatively stable and with a small fluctuation range. 2 Salinity and pH: Can survive in seawater with salinity of 5‰ to 7‰. The growth of salinity has little effect on growth, such as turbot and other salmon, with intermediate salinity (15‰～20‰). ) It grows faster than normal salinity. The pH requirement is between 6.8 and 8.5. 3 Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonia Nitrogen: When Oxygen dissolved oxygen in water more than 3mg/L, it can normally survive. Therefore, it is required that the dissolved oxygen in the pool water should be kept above 5 mg/L and the ammonia nitrogen content should be below 0.02 mg/L. (4) Transparency and illumination: The requirements for aquaculture ponds are transparent and the light does not need to be too strong. Europa prefers a darker breeding environment, and the light is too strong to avoid evasive behavior. Europium is very sensitive to noise, so to avoid noise and vibration, to ensure that Europium has a quiet growing environment. 4. Changing the water and cleaning the pond The normal water changing method is better. The normal water temperature changes the water daily by 300% to 500%. In summer, the daily water exchange capacity is 500% to 800% at high temperatures, and the daily water exchange rate can be reduced to 200% to 300% at low temperatures in winter. About a month or so need to move the fish to a clean pool for breeding, thoroughly brush the original pool bottom and pool wall, and conduct disinfection and sterilization. 5. Feed and Feeding At present, most of the farms mainly use other feeds for clams and clams. It is advisable to use special squid feeds developed by research units and large feed mills as much as possible. The number of feedings can be adjusted according to the individual size of the fish. Generally, the seedlings below 15 cm are fed 3 times to 4 times a day. The daily feeding amount is 2% to 3% of the fish's body weight. The seed of 15 cm or more is fed daily. 2 times, the daily feeding amount is 1% to 2% of the fish's body weight. In addition, under the conditions of artificial breeding, European eel is not only active during the day, but it is also observed that it can also feed on the sense of smell and touch under dark conditions at night. Second, pond culture Europa's mouth has the capacity to turn over and ingest food. It is particularly suitable for pond culture and can be used for mixed culture of fish and shrimps to fully increase the space utilization rate of seawater ponds. The pond culture has rich biological feed, fast growth of fish, high output-to-investment ratio, and easy operation and management. In recent years, due to the landslide of the shrimp aquaculture industry, many shrimp ponds have been abandoned and abandoned. Through the transformation and treatment of the shrimp ponds, European eel farming can produce good economic benefits. 1. Pond culture environment There are few activities in Europe, and fish and fish gills are easily attached with dirt and affect normal growth. The pond water quality is fresh, there are few suspended matters, and the water body has a certain degree of fluidity. Europa has the habit of digging sand at the bottom of the deposit and requires the bottom of the pond to be a sandy bottom, a rocky reef bottom, or a sandy bottom. The water depth of the aquaculture pond is more than 1.0m, the transparency is 50cm, and the water quality is stable. The dissolved oxygen in water is more than 5mg/L, the salinity is between 10‰ and 33‰, and the pH value of the water body is 7.5～8.5. Natural tides are better for changing ponds. 2. Arrangement of aquaculture ponds before stocking Before the aquaculture, the ponds should be thoroughly cleaned, dredged, sterilized, repaired dams, and gates. 3. Releasing seedlings in ponds and raising seedlings is more than 8cm, and water temperature is better than 12°C. The amount of seedlings released should be determined according to the farming conditions. The density of seedlings should be 6,000 to 12,000 tails per hectare, and the amount of seedlings can be increased or decreased according to the changing conditions. 4. Feeding and management ponds During the cultivation process, the main contents of aquaculture management include water quality regulation, feed feeding, disease prevention and anti-escape measures. European food-feeding operations are slow, feeding time is long, and during feeding, hard pellet feed is mainly used to feed fresh feed. After entering the pond, the fry can be fed for 2 days to 3 days, and the feeds are mainly fed with fresh bait. The fish is cut into pieces and fed. After 1 week, the fish can be domesticated and fed with food. The amount of bait should be adjusted according to the situation of eating, weather and water quality environment, generally 1% to 2% of the weight of fish. 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[Origin and distribution] European oak is native to Europe, and is naturally distributed in France and nearby sea areas. It lives on a sea floor that is less than 50 meters long. Europa is located in the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, southwards to Senegal and up to Cape Verde, and has a depth of habitat ranging from 0 to 150 m. It lives in the bottom mud or sand. China introduced it in 2003 and began breeding in Shandong and Hebei.
[Basic features] European owls are elliptical in shape, with blunt heads. The dorsal fins start from the head and extend to the base of the tail shank. The maximum body length is 70cm, the maximum weight is 3kg, and the longest period of life is 27 years. Carnivorous, feeding on worms, shellfish, and small crustaceans.
The Wadden Sea in the Netherlands is Europe's main breeding ground. Under normal circumstances, mature male body length 20 ~ 45cm, mature female body length is 25 ~ 60cm, distributed in fine sand, deep, warm, low salinity waters, winter swim to deep water life.
[Fish spawning] The artificial breeding of European eels is not suitable for hormone production methods. It can only simulate the light and temperature during the natural reproduction period to manually adjust the light temperature and promote its spawning. The sun exposure time required for European broodstock to lay eggs is 11 to 17 hours, and the temperature is 8 to 12 degrees C. As the spawning continues, the quality of fish eggs gradually increases. Spawning of females reached 333-496 g/kg body weight during reproduction.
[Incubation of fish eggs] European eel eggs are 1.1-1.6mm in diameter, transparent, with multiple oil globules, evenly distributed, and 1g can contain 700-900 eggs. As egg production progresses, the egg diameter gradually decreases. Fertilized eggs can hatch out at approximately 13°C for approximately 96 hours. 100L cone-shaped hatching buckets were used to infuse water and incubate fertilized eggs. The seawater salinity of hatching was 32.4‰, and the temperature was about 13°C. Embryos were generally identified on the afternoon of the second day after spawning.
[Ecological Impact] Ouyang has obvious advantages compared with other similar species. No self-mutilation was found during the breeding process, and the hatching rate was relatively high. Temperature, salinity adapt to a wide range of requirements on the water quality is not high, to promote the radiation space. Dichogamous, the difference is small, difficult to discern male and female within 1 kg. The growth rate is fast, 1.2 times that of the semi-slip tongue licking. The breeding cycle is short and can be listed in 10 months.