Li Shuqiu Winter Management Technology
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I. Soil and Fertilizer Water Management 1. Turn the soil deep. The appropriate period of deep turning is the harvesting of the fruit, combined with the use of autumn basal fertilizer, and water storage irrigation at the same time. The depth of deep turning is generally 60 cm - 80 cm. The methods include deep hole expansion, deep septal or septal planting, deep zoning, deep tumbling and mechanized deep tumbling. In this period, deep-rooted root wounds are easily healed and prone to new roots, which is beneficial to the growth and development of Li Shu in the second year. At the same time, it is conducive to soil weathering and water conservation. 2. Autumn base fertilizer. Basal fertilizer should be dominated by delayed farmyard fertilizers. Such as compost, manure, crop stalks, green manure, deciduous and so on. Superphosphate, bone meal, compound fertilizer, etc. can also be used as a deep application of basal fertilizer. The period of application should generally be applied in the fall combined with the deep turning of the orchard. The amount of fertilizer depends on the age, yield, and variety. Saplings generally apply 25 kg to 30 kg of each applied fertilizer, and 0.25 kg of N, P, and K compound fertilizer to 0.54 kg. The results were 50 kg of manure applied per tree and 0.5 kg of NPK fertilizer - 1.5 kg. In the fruiting period, the trees are applied with 50kg - 100kg of fertilizer per plant, 1.2kg - 1.5kg of urea, 2kg - 3kg of phosphate fertilizer, and 1kg - 1.5kg of potash. Fertilization methods generally include annular furrow application, radial furrow application, whole garden application and irrigation fertilization. For a vigorously growing tree, applying 0.5 g/m2 of paclobutrazol to the soil in autumn can effectively control the growth of the tree, change the proportion of shoots, and increase the amount of flower buds. 3. Irrigation. In the autumn, water is generally not used to keep the soil dry, but the soil can be properly watered if it is too dry. Before the soil is frozen, fill the frozen water to increase the heat capacity of the soil and maintain a certain temperature in the upper layer of the soil to ensure safe wintering of the root system. Second, pruning is mainly introduced young pruning methods. The main task of pruning during this period is to expand the canopy as soon as possible, cultivate a reasonable tree skeleton, and form a large number of fruiting branches as soon as possible, so as to prepare for the early high yield during the period of full fruit. The pruning method for this period was to gently put on light, open main branch angles, keep large auxiliary branches, fill in space as soon as possible, ease tree vigor and increase early yield. Open the main branch angle, should take support, pull, and other methods, opening angle of 65 - 80, combined with the use of light buds outside the bud to open growth, bending extension. Auxiliary branches are mainly composed of flat oblique mediocre branches on both sides of the branch, and they can also use the upper branches of the branches on both sides of the branches by taking a drooping approach. Introduce two tree shapes and shaping techniques. (a) natural happy shape 1. Tree structure. There are 3 main branches in the trunk, the distance between the layers is 10cm - 15cm, and they are distributed at an angle of 120 planes. They are opened at 35--45 angles, leaving 1 - 2 lateral branches per main branch, and the main branches. Both sides develop in an upwardly oblique direction. No center dry, dry height 30 cm - 50 cm. 2. Plastic technology. After planting, dry it from dry height 50 cm - 60 cm. Choose 3 - 4 new shoots with robust growth, suitable orientation, and large included angles as the main shoots. For the rest of the shoots, dredging or shortening of the growth growth; picking the heart for moderate growth, so as to ensure that the selected main branch grows vigorously. In the first winter, the main branch is cut to about 60 cm. Cut buds use external buds to open the angle. With the exception of the main branch chosen, the competing branches will be thinned and the remaining branches will be appropriately lightly cut or not cut depending on the size of the space. In the spring of the following year, we selected large angles and squares from the new shoots that grow out of the shoots. The sturdy branches are raised as the main branch extension branches, and the remaining branches are properly controlled. Small branches, prosperous growth, and growth branches that may exceed the extension branch of the main branch must be timely or sparsely controlled to ensure that the main branch extends the growth advantage of the branch. Throughout the growing season, it is advisable to carry out 2 - 3 times pruning to make its branches even. The competition branches should be removed in time, and the slant branches with medium growth should be kept as far as possible or lightly cut to promote the early formation of flower buds. In winter, the main branches of the extension branch are cut off by about 60 centimeters, and the remaining branches are determined by the size of the space. In addition to sparse or heavy shearing, the branches are generally lightly cut. In the third year, the main branches of the extension branches were further cultured in the above manner, and the first side branch was left outside the main branches. The distribution of lateral branches on each main branch should be uniform to avoid overlapping and overlapping. The lateral branch angle is larger than that of the main branch, maintaining the affiliation of the main lateral branch. According to this method, 2 to 3 lateral branches are selected for each main branch, and the tree shape can be completed in the fourth year. (b) Small Crown Sparse Form 1. Tree structure. Dry height 40 cm - 60 cm, with a central trunk, the first three main branches, within the layer from 15 cm - 20 cm. The second main branch of the second floor is 60 cm to 80 cm away from the main branch of the first floor, and these two main branches and the first main branch of the first three branches are selected for stay. Each main branch is configured with one - two lateral branches. 2. Plastic technology. The first year is fixed at 60 cm--70 cm. Select a robust upright shoot from the upper part of the new shoot that grows under the cut edge as the main extension branch. Select three out of the lower branches to have strong growth and distribution. The uniform branches serve as the three main branches of the first floor. The branches that remain as the main branch allow it to grow sufficiently, and the rest of the shoots are removed or cut short to control its growth. When pruning in winter, the three main branches of the first layer are cut about 50 centimeters, and the main extension branches are cut 60 centimeters. In addition to the extension of the branch, two branches with good growth, angle and direction are selected as the second main branch. The main branch of the second floor is required to be staggered with the main branch of the first floor without overlapping. The rest of the branches are picked up, cut short, or removed. When pruning in winter, the main branch of the first layer is still about 50 centimeters long, the second main branch is 40 centimeters--50 centimeters, the main extension is 50 centimeters--60 centimeters, and the rest of the shoots are of medium growth. The weak or not cutting, the strong light shear, the strong shear thinning or short cut, make the whole tree body weaker and the lower part strong.