Autumn is a favorable season for cattle breeding, as the weather turns cool, pastures are lush, and feed supplies are abundant. Bulls are more active, and cows typically have shorter estrus cycles and longer durations, making it an ideal time for reproduction. To ensure successful breeding, the following points should be carefully considered:
First, before the breeding season begins, cows should be in optimal body condition. Both overfeeding and underfeeding can negatively impact fertility. Cows that are too thin may need their diet adjusted to include more nutrients, increased feeding frequency, and extended grazing periods. Providing fresh grass and encouraging natural feeding behaviors can help stimulate ovulation. It's important to maintain a balanced diet, avoiding excessive protein and energy feeds that could lead to obesity, which can reduce breeding efficiency.
Second, to enhance fertility, certain measures can be taken to encourage estrus in cows that are not showing signs of heat. One method is to allow bulls to interact with non-estrus cows, as their presence can stimulate the cows into estrus. Another approach is the use of traditional Chinese herbal remedies known for their aphrodisiac properties.
Third, when a cow is in estrus, she may display several behavioral and physical signs. She may lose her appetite, become restless, seek out the bull, mount other cows, frequently urinate in small amounts, and show signs of vaginal discharge—such as a clear, mucus-like fluid, sometimes with a slight blood streak. When touched on the rump, the cow may stand still with her tail raised, legs spread apart, ready for mating. After this phase, her appetite will gradually return, and her vulva will swell less. A rectal examination can confirm whether the cow is in the follicular maturation or ovulation stage. This is the best time to breed or perform artificial insemination, which is a key strategy to improve conception rates.
Fourth, during the breeding period, proper management is crucial. Bulls should be fed green forage and concentrates, and when they are actively breeding, additional protein sources like eggs or fishmeal can be beneficial. After mating, cows should avoid strenuous exercise for 1–2 hours and should not overeat or drink excessively. Around 15 days post-breeding, the diet should be supplemented with extra feed, including 1–1.5 kg of wheat bran daily, and clean water with a small amount of salt should be provided to support embryo implantation.
During pregnancy, cows require a nutrient-rich diet high in protein, vitamins, and minerals to support both their own growth and the development of the fetus, placenta, and uterus. They must not be given moldy, spoiled, frozen, toxic, overly acidic, or irritating feed, as these can cause digestive issues, miscarriage, or weak calves. The barn environment should remain calm and quiet to prevent stress from sudden noises, collisions, or rough handling, which can also lead to miscarriage.
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