Kale seed planting notes
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Kale, a variety of *Brassica oleracea*, is originally native to the Mediterranean coast, particularly in regions like Greece. This plant has a long history of cultivation in Europe and North America, and in recent years, it has been introduced to cities such as Beijing and Shanghai in China, where it is grown as a specialty vegetable in suburban areas. Known for its resilience, kale thrives in various climates, tolerating both cold and heat, and can be harvested multiple times throughout the growing season. With a harvest period that can last up to six months, it is suitable for cultivation across most regions of the country.
Kale is distinguished by its unique leaf shape, with feathery, deeply cut edges that make it visually appealing. Certain color varieties are especially ornamental and are often used in potted plants or planted along roadsides and in flower beds to enhance the environment.
**Botanical Characteristics**
The root system of kale is not well-developed, consisting mainly of fibrous roots distributed within the top 30 cm of soil. The stem is upright, fleshy, and thick, reaching a height of 40 to 80 cm. Leaves are green, long and oval-shaped, with pinnate divisions along the edges. They vary in thickness and leaf shrinkage depending on the variety. Petioles are relatively long, making up about one-third of the entire leaf. Kale produces yellow flowers in racemes, and its fruits are pods containing spherical, brown to dark brown seeds weighing between 3 to 4 grams.
**Planting Conditions**
1. **Temperature**
Kale prefers moderate temperatures and is highly cold-tolerant. Seeds can germinate slowly at 3–5°C but grow best at 20–25°C. Germination slows above 30°C. Optimal growth occurs at 18–20°C during the day and 8–10°C at night, though it can survive temperatures as low as -4°C. It can also tolerate high temperatures (30–35°C), though this may lead to tougher, less desirable leaves.
2. **Light**
Kale is a long-day crop, requiring sufficient light during its vegetative stage. However, during the flowering phase, lower light levels are preferable to avoid leaf aging and flavor degradation.
3. **Moisture**
Kale requires consistent moisture, especially during the product formation stage. Soil moisture should be maintained at 75–80%, with air humidity around 80–90% for optimal growth. Drought conditions can severely reduce yield and quality.
4. **Soil and Nutrients**
While kale adapts well to various soils, it thrives in loamy soil rich in organic matter. It prefers neutral to slightly acidic conditions and avoids waterlogged areas. High nutrient requirements mean regular fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements is essential.
**Main Cultivation Techniques**
1. **Selection of Improved Varieties**
Popular varieties include the Osaka, Nagoya, and Finch series, known for their strong growth, good yield, and high calcium content. These varieties are ideal for planting in northern China, especially in unheated greenhouses.
2. **Cultivation Season**
In northern regions, kale is typically planted in spring and autumn, with protected cultivation extending the growing season into winter. Seed rates are approximately 20–25 g per 667 m². Planting schedules vary depending on the region and market demand.
3. **Nursery Preparation**
Seedlings are commonly used for transplanting. A nursery bed of 10–15 m² per 667 m² is recommended, with organic fertilizer applied before sowing. Proper spacing and temperature control ensure healthy seedling development.
4. **Fertilization and Planting**
A base fertilizer of 2,000 kg of decomposed organic manure per 667 m² is recommended, followed by several top-dressings. Planting is done in rows spaced 60 cm apart, with 40 cm between plants.
5. **Field Management**
Regular weeding and proper watering are essential. Drip irrigation is ideal for maintaining consistent moisture. In colder seasons, protective measures like mulching and greenhouse coverings help maintain optimal growing conditions.
**Pest Control**
1. **Black Rot**
Caused by bacterial infection, black rot leads to necrotic veins and black spots on leaves. Early removal of infected plants and application of copper-based sprays are effective treatments.
2. **Downy Mildew**
Appears as white mold on leaves under high humidity. Fungicides such as chlorothalonil or mancozeb can be used to manage the disease.
3. **Sclerotinia**
A fungal disease affecting the base of the plant, leading to soft rot and white mycelium. Preventive measures include proper drainage and avoiding excessive nitrogen use.
4. **Cabbage Worms**
Biological insecticides, such as *Bacillus thuringiensis*, can be used to control these pests effectively.
By following these guidelines, farmers can successfully cultivate kale, ensuring high yields and quality while adapting to local environmental conditions.