Scientific use of pesticide technology
(I) Symptomatic application of pesticides There are many varieties of pesticides with different characteristics. There are many types of disease, insects, grasses and rats that control crops. There are also wide variations in local conditions. There are also changes in the harmful habits. The most appropriate pesticide species should be selected for the target of control. . Natural living organisms (diseases, insects, grasses, and rats) have different degrees of resistance to drug resistance in different regions. For example, the use of deltamethrin to control wheat aphids is effective in Hebei Province but not in Gansu Province. Both of them are effective if both are used. For example, some agents that control bacterial blight in rice are in the north. Xiu district is an effective agent, but it is not effective in Guangdong province. Therefore, before using pesticides, it is necessary to understand the target of prevention and control and to select appropriate types of pesticides. Refer to the books and manuals prepared by plant protection agencies in various places to prevent misuse of pesticides and achieve the ideal effect of symptomatic application of pesticides. (b) The time period for applying the pesticide at the appropriate time should be determined according to the development period of the pest, the progress of the crop, and the pesticide species. The disease monitoring stations and mouse monitoring stations in different parts of the country must conduct year-round monitoring, issue forecasts, and formulate prevention and control indicators for major diseases, insects and rodents. If the amount of occurrence reaches the prevention and control index, it should be applied to control. When applying pesticides, the situation of natural enemies in the field should also be taken into consideration, and the sensitive period of natural enemies against pesticides should be avoided as much as possible. In the case of rodent control, poisonous baits should be applied before the breeding peak of the main dominant mouse species; when herbicides are applied, they need to look at the condition of the grass and also look at the “miao†condition. For example, before the emergence of herbicides, they must not be after budding. use. (3) Appropriate application of various types of pesticides must be used in accordance with the recommended dosage of the product introduction manual. The application amount must be strictly controlled and cannot be arbitrarily increased or decreased. Otherwise, the phytotoxicity of crops or the effect of control will be affected. During operation, not only the amount of drug, amount of water, and amount of bait shall be quasi-adjusted, but also the area of ​​application will be accurately calibrated so as to achieve accurate and proper application of pesticides and achieve good control effects. There are 4 ways to indicate the amount of application: 1. For the amount of the formulation to be applied, for example, 2 to 2.5 grams of 10% Uranus EC per mu can be used to control cotton bollworm and the amount of mu can be used. 2. With the amount of active ingredients, such as 25% of myclobutanil per acre with 2-4 grams of active ingredient to control wheat powdery mildew. 3. Use a multiple of water to indicate that 5% of the bacteriostatic water solution 100-200 times smear apple tree rot lesions to prevent rot. 4. Use a concentration of several parts per million of active ingredient to indicate that 2.5% Kung Fu EC can control apple tree peach borer with 5-6.3 ppm. For example, one hundredth of a million (abbreviation 100ppm in English) is 100 million kilograms of emulsifiable concentrate in 1 million dilutions. 5 to 6.3 ppm means that there are 5 to 6.3 kungfu emulsifiable concentrates in the 1 million dilutions. (d) The method of application of various formulations of pesticides applied uniformly varies, and the use of devices varies. At present, the main categories of spraying equipment include spray equipment, powder spraying equipment, particle spraying equipment, smoke spraying equipment, and seed dressing equipment. There are many kinds of equipment in each category. The equipment used by various pesticides has its specific uses and properties, and when spraying, the spray of liquid agents, dusting of powders, application of granules, and injection of poison baits must take into consideration the performance and characteristics of the instruments and equipment used. We should make good use of its proper role in making the pharmaceuticals evenly and thoughtfully distributed on the surface of crops or harmful organisms, and achieve scientific and efficient control results. 1. Liquid spray The liquid formulation is the largest dosage and most varied dosage form of the pesticide formulation. The quality of the spray in the field mainly depends on the performance of the spray equipment used and the technical level of the operator. The liquid preparation is atomized by means of a spray tool, so that the liquid medicine is dispersed into fine mist droplets, so that uniform coverage can be achieved on the surface of crops or harmful organisms, and an ideal control effect can be achieved. However, due to the uniformity of the control objects and harmed crop types, the ideal control effect can be achieved. However, due to the different types of crops to be controlled and endangered, it is necessary to use suitable machines with different properties. At present, the widely used type of workers and peasants 16 manual sprayers, pedal sprayers, stretcher-type motor sprayers, etc., are all constant sprays. The latter two sprayers, due to their large pressure, high range and long range, are suitable for use in orchards and forest gardens and can be sprayed on the top and inside of the canopy. The use of Gongnong 16 type manual sprayer in the crop field for top-pressure spray, the wheat leaves in the lower layer of the wheat field are subject to more drugs, the upper leaves are less drug-resistant, and the effect of prevention and control of wheat midge, pupa tuberculosis is good, but the control of wheat scab, wheat ear The long tube is not very effective. For the cotton field, the upper leaves of the cotton plant were more than the others, and the lower leaves were significantly reduced by the medicine, which was effective for the prevention and control of blindness and was very poor in the prevention and treatment of Fuxi. Therefore, uniform application of pesticides should be properly selected for appropriate application equipment. The pedal sprayer and stretcher-type motorized sprayer can spray large tall trees with great pressure. The disadvantage is that the droplets are large, the liquid medicine is easy to fall off from the leaves, and the general loss amount is 60%-70%, which wastes medicine. The use of Dongfanghong 18 type mist sprayer for low-volume spray can save medicines with high-volume spray and has higher work efficiency. Generally speaking, the liquid volume per unit area, constant (high capacity) is greater than 40 liters, and the ultra-low capacity is less than 0.33 liters, and because the Dongfanghong 18 type mist generating function generates a strong air flow by itself, ultra-low volume spray can be performed under any circumstances; However, when using a handheld baby hand-held ultra-low-capacity sprayer sprayer, the ultra-low-volume spray method requires only a small amount of mist to reach a certain distance in a windy condition, and it can hardly function when there is no wind. When using the Pregnancy handheld sprayer spray, it is required to use it only when there is natural wind. When herbicides are sprayed, the use of special nozzles - lasing nozzles - can reduce crop damage due to fine mist. The ultra-low-volume spray method requires that the fineness of atomization can reach about 50 microns, and the droplets can drift in the air for a long time and will not fall to the ground soon. When using hand-held dolls, low-ultra-low-volume sprayers, do not use the spinner heads in the lower layers of the crops to use them. Otherwise, they will not only not play their due role, but also cause damage to crops. 2. Powder spray powder is divided into low-concentration powder, high-concentration powder, anti-shift powder, ultrafine powder. When powders are used, manual or motorized dusting devices are used. The airflow generated by the dust injectors can disperse the powder particles to make them spread evenly and form a good deposit on the surface of the plants and insect body surface. This is mainly due to adhesion or electrostatic adsorption. Its adhesion is very small, but the adhesion of powder particles can be improved on the surface of organisms with water film. Therefore, the operation of dusting operation often requires that the leaves of the early and late crops are wet or have dew. When the wind blows, the wind speed is more than 1 meter per second. Do not spray powder to avoid waste caused by powder drift. The average mu dosage is 1500-2000 grams. Low-dose powder: can be sprayed directly in the field. High-concentration powder: also known as high-strength mother powder, when mixed with a certain fineness of the filler, and then spray powder. Anti-dusting powder: It is a kind of powder with a larger particle size, or adding a flocculant in the powder, and polymerizing small particles into larger particles to overcome the drift phenomenon when the powder is used. Ultrafine powder: It is mainly used in greenhouses. The particle size of the powder is less than 5 μm. The fine powder particles are dispersed in the air like smoke and are easily attached to the surface of the crop and the surface of insects so as to fully exert their medicinal effects. At present, the commonly used powder spraying devices and manual dusting devices mainly include bumper harvest-5 and harvest-10, and motorized dusters include Dongfanghong-18. When using a duster to dust the powder, in addition to paying attention to uniform spraying, no heavy spraying, no leakage of spray, it should also be noted that the powder should be dry and loose state and the duster itself must also be kept dry, so that the powder has good dispersion In order to achieve a uniform distribution and deposition. 3. Granule application At present, there are basically two types of granules used in our country, good osmotic granules and coated granules. Infiltration granules: Pellet and filler mixed together, plus a certain amount of adhesive pressed particles. When using, the particles must be disintegrated to release all the pesticides contained in the particles. Generally, they play a role under the effect of moisture. Such as the use of pesticides in the prevention of pests in rice fields, double granules and the prevention of corn borer irrigation using the pesticide and brick or clay made granules. Bao Fu granules: It is a kind of granules made by treating pesticides on the surface of a kind of filler particles after processing. The application relies on field water or soil moisture to dissolve the pesticides on the surface of the particles into water and then act, such as carbofuran granules. The application of granules should be based on the nature of the pesticide, the living habits of the disease, insects, and weeds, the hazard characteristics, and the characteristics of the soil and water on the role of the pesticide in order to be properly selected. The application of the granules must be based on the product. The application method proposed in the instruction manual is used. 4. Poison bait detoxification application Baits are widely used methods of rodent eradication. There are two major types of acute rodenticide baits and chronic rodenticide baits. It is made by mixing pesticides with food (grain or other foods). Chronic rodenticides (anticoagulant rodenticides) bait detoxification: When baits are properly used when rodents are killed, they can generally completely kill the rodents in local areas. The poisonous bait is placed as far as possible on the side of the rat road, in the mouth of the mouse (about 15-30 cm from the entrance) and in a place hidden by the rodents. Field feeding depends on the habits of different rodents. If the hamsters are controlled in the north, the baits are mainly injected around the crop field (10 meters wide in the field) and put in every one meter. In the south, poisonous baits are put in the Kwong Tin Estate and Takada Village. Rat holes are more effective. Rats like to eat in hidden places, use bait box feeding whether in the field or indoors, it is easy to hide the rodents feeding, protection of bait will not deteriorate by moisture, but also to prevent non-target animal food and other advantages. The acute rodenticide bait launching: In the arable land and grassland where the rat hole is easy to be found, take the poisonous bait through the hole, and throw it at a distance of 15-30 centimeters from the hole, 1-2 grams per hole, take a place where it is difficult to find the rat hole, etc. From the poison bait, a pile of poison baits is distributed every 5-10 meters, each pile of 5-6 grams. Indoor extermination of domestic rats, generally about 15 square meters of a room can put a pile of poison bait, each about 25 grams. If the house mouse is killed, the feeding point can be increased appropriately, and the amount of poison bait per point should also be appropriately reduced. Regardless of wild rodents or indoor rodents, the bait surface needs to be larger. At least one township or county has a unified operation. Baits are put into the room, outside, inside and outside the village. The effect is better than sporadic dispersal. 5. Scientific mixed pesticides At home and abroad, both pesticides are mixed and blends are very important. Two or more pesticide formulations containing different active ingredients are mixed together and are called a mixture of pesticides. Pesticide preparations that are processed and sold for use in combination with two or more active ingredients are called pesticide blend preparations. According to their different uses, they are divided into insecticide mixtures, bactericidal mixtures, herbicide mixtures, insecticidal bactericidal mixtures, insecticidal and herbicide mixtures. The rational and scientific use of pesticides can improve the control effect, delay the development of drug resistance of pests or expand the scope of use and cure different types of harmful organisms, save manpower and dosage, reduce costs, improve efficacy, reduce toxicity, and enhance the safety of humans and livestock. Sex. Such as dimethoate and carbaryl mixed paired rice rice stem borer increase efficiency; ethamoxetine and carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, sulfacin mixed; BT emulsion and insecticide dual prevention rice stem borer, rice Aphids, etc. have synergies. Not all pesticides can be mixed. Alkaline-decomposing organophosphorus insecticides cannot be mixed with strong alkaline lime sulfur. Pesticides that can be mixed cannot undergo chemical changes between their active ingredients. The fastest growing in recent years has been the use of highly effective mixed formulations of pyrethroid insecticides and organophosphorus insecticides as active ingredients. For the varieties described in this book, which two pesticides can not be used as a single agent and which single agents can only be used alone, check the “non-mixable pesticide checklist†(Table 1-5) before mixing. Do not mix two kinds of pesticides that cannot be mixed together. Also note that if there are two kinds of liquids that are diluted with water and used in the liquid state, it is generally to dilute one of them with all the water, and then use this. The liquid medicine is used to dilute a coffee agent. Do not dilute the two medicines first, and do not dilute the two medicines before mixing. At present, there are more than 100 varieties of domestically-made pesticide mixtures that have been registered and registered in China, mostly for those that need to be commonly used and can be mixed in pesticide processing. However, powders and granules are difficult to mix evenly for temporary application, and aerosols are not easy to mix temporarily. Therefore, it is necessary to make a finalized mixture in advance in order to facilitate use. 6. Prevention of Disease, Insect, and Rat Resistance The occurrence of the use of a single pesticide in a region to prevent and control the same disease, worm, and rat, for long-term continuous use, often results in a significant decrease in efficacy or even ineffectiveness, and it is easy to make the pest resistant. If insecticides and fungicides are used continuously, insecticides and pathogens produce more resistance. In the past 70 years, there have been more than 600 species of insect pests that produce drug resistance, and there have been dozens of species that have developed resistance to pathogens. In particular, some pyrethroid insecticides and systemic fungicides have been continuously used for several years and the control effect has been greatly reduced. Another example is the anticoagulant rodenticide rodenticide used to control domestic rats. In the early 1950s, the countries around the world were widely promoted and the effect was very significant. However, after several years of continuous use, in 1958, the Swedish farm was first found to have found Rattus norvegicus The phenomenon of hereditary drug resistance has been reported in Denmark, the Netherlands, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, the United States, and Australia. By 1960, in the cities where the United Kingdom used rodenticides, Mus musculus was resistant to drugs. When there is a phenomenon of diminished efficacy of some pharmaceuticals, care must be taken to investigate and analyze them in many ways to find the exact cause. Because of the efficacy of any pesticide, in addition to the virulence level of the drug itself, it is also subject to many other factors and conditions. Such as natural conditions, temperature and humidity differences, spray technology, the use of concentration, preparation of food bait used for fresh palatability, prevention of object counterparts, etc., not to easily draw conclusions. The prevention of drug resistance is mainly rotation drugs, mixed drugs, intermittent medications, and scientific application techniques. Rotating drugs: Rotating pesticides with different mechanisms of action is one of the effective methods for delaying pest resistance. For example, organophosphorus pesticides, pyrethroids, carbamates, organic nitrogens, biological agents, etc. in insecticides have different mechanisms of action and can be used interchangeably; fungicides are generally contacted with fungicides such as Dyson, inorganic sulfur preparations and copper preparations are not likely to cause drug resistance and are better alternatives for use. It should be noted that general inhalation fungicides such as benzimidazole fungicides (carbendazim, thiophanate, etc.) and antibiotic fungicides are relatively easy to cause drug resistance; rodenticides can be acute rodenticides and chronic rodenticides Rotate use. Mixed medication: In order to slow the rate of drug resistance, two agents with different modes of action and mechanisms are used, such as mixed use of methomyl and pyrethroids; dithiocarbamide is mixed with carbamate and organic phosphorus; organic Phosphorus preparations were mixed with pyrethroids; Rhizoctonia was mixed with mancozeb. Mixed pesticides also cannot be used for a single period of time. They must also be used alternately. Otherwise, they may cause drug resistance. Discontinuation of medication: Drugs that have developed resistance have been used for a period of time. Drug resistance may gradually diminish or even disappear. For example, in the past, the resistance to aphids, such as phosphorus uptake and parathion used for controlling cotton aphids, stopped after use for a period of time, the drug resistance basically disappeared, and the virulence of the pesticides could still be restored. Scientific and appropriate application techniques: Application of scientific and appropriate application techniques to different crop fields and pests, so that the effective dose and deposition of pesticides in the field is evenly distributed, which is also an important measure. Our Pp Resin pellet has a variety of uses in the pharmaceutical packaging industry. The original materials that come to our factory will go through a series of strict tests to ensure the quality. Then we will mix the corresponding raw materials with an appropriate proportion. When everything is ok, we will go to the production procedure. During the whole production process, we have specific quality management system to guarantee the quality. Pp Resin For Plastic Bottle,Pp Resin For Bottle,Pp Resin For Water Bottle,Plastic Raw Material Pp Resin SUZHOU CRH PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD , https://www.crh-health.com