Biological Characteristics and Breeding Techniques of Freshwater Grouper
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First, the morphological characteristics
The freshwater grouper is a spindle type with an upper mouth. There are eight black lines on each side of the trunk, and darker color blocks are located in the center of the vertical black stripes. Pectoral fins are pale yellow, pelvic fins, dorsal fins, and anal fins all have black stripes and caudal fins with black stripes are perpendicular to the body. In addition to the black and white stripes, the adult fish surface is slightly yellow, and body color adapts to changes in the external water environment and during reproduction. When breeding, males have a darker body color and a lighter female body with yellow, pelvic sternum, round-tailed caudal fins, and a genital process. Juvenile fish eyelids are red, fish eyelids are silvery yellow. The scales are round scales and larger. Side scales are intermittent. Scales are: dorsal fins (D) XVIII-12, anal fins (A) VII-10, pelvic fins (V) I-5, pectoral fins (P) 4.
Second, living habits
Freshwater grouper is a tropical fish that grows in fresh water and can also grow in seawater with a salinity of 10 ‰ or less. The temperature range is between 25 and 30°C. When the water temperature drops to 20°C, the food intake is significantly reduced. When the water temperature drops to 15°C, the body loses its balance. Therefore, the area where the pool water falls below 15°C during the winter is not suitable for breeding. Species of fish. It is better to keep the water temperature above 19°C during the winter. Freshwater grouper is a bottom-level fish that is resistant to hypoxia and has strong resistance to disease. Fish diseases rarely occur during the breeding process. It can be mixed with tilapia and carp to remove small fry in tilapia and carp ponds. The purpose of quality and efficiency.
Three, food
Freshwater grouper is partial carnivorous, and the characteristics of carnivorous stage are very strong. The zooplankton is the main species. Individuals with large disparities will kill each other. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the management of graded ponds when breeding. After the reproduction, the seedlings must be pulled out in time to avoid being swallowed by the broodstock. From the start of fry feeding, artificial diets will be ingested, which can be fed with floating water.
Fourth, growth
The freshly hatched larvae of freshwater grouper have a total length of 0.58-0.6 cm. The clusters are constantly moving at the bottom of the pond. Between the water temperature of 26-28°C, the yolk sac disappears on the 6th day after hatching, and the larvae swim to the upper middle water. Layers, no longer clustered at the bottom of the pool, fry after the disappearance of the yolk, can be fed round worms, horns and other small zooplankton, after a little larger can be fed leeches, and then a group of lumps feed bait, after After 1 month of cultivation, the body can be cultivated at a height of about 10 cm. In the Taiwan region, the young fish ponds with a length of about 10 centimeters during the summer period can reach 500 grams after 6-8 months of breeding. Its maximum weight can reach 1200 grams. On June 24, 1999, the famous aquaculture experiment base of our institute introduced a test of about 10 cm in length of fish fry, and it was determined on December 24, 1999. The largest individual was 375 g and the average weight was 216 g; in growth rate, the male fish The growth rate was significantly greater than that of females. In the polyculture mode, the growth rate of less polyculture (20 tails/mu) was significantly greater than the amount of polyculture (150 tails/mu); the average weight of the polycultures was measured. 315 grams, with a large amount of polyculture, averaged 175 grams, a difference of nearly 1 time.
Fifth, reproduction
Freshwater grouper can lay eggs as soon as it is winter. Spawning habits, like tilapia, dig many nests at the bottom of the pond. Spawning is usually in the afternoon, after the spawning females are mainly guarded by fertilized eggs. Males also cooperate with guards, but with the development of embryos, guarding behavior is getting weaker and weaker. Eggs are oval in shape, with a yellow-dark green, opaque, sticky egg and scattered eggs arranged on the bottom of the pool, with little overlap. The females weighing 140 g each lay about 3000-4000 eggs at a time. At a water temperature of 26-29°C, the fertilized eggs can hatch larvae in 48 hours.
Six, breeding
(I) Seed cultivation techniques
1. The fry pool requires that freshwater grouper fry stock culture ponds be made of earthen ponds. It is also possible to use outdoor cement pools. Generally, the single pond area is 50-100 square meters and the water depth is l-1.5 meters. Before fry stocking, the pool water will be drained, and the clear pond will be disinfected thoroughly with lime, and the basic fertilizer will be used to fertilize the water, so that the fish will be able to eat the natural food.
2. Before fry stocking fry stocking, test the water first. The specifications for stocking in the same pool are neat and uniform. The stocking densities depend on the bait, the breeding techniques, and the cultivation specifications. The general stocking density is about 100 fishes per square meter. Before the fry pool, the fish should be soaked with 50% saline for 15-20 minutes.
3. When fed to the lower pool of freshwater stone larvae, zooplankton feed on the fish. As the fry grows, the food intake increases, and the zooplankton in the pool gradually decreases. At this time, a zooplankton can be cultivated by topdressing, and secondly, soybean milk can be fed. After 15-20 days of cultivation, when the fry reaches more than 3 cm, its diet begins to transform. At this time, the fish can be fed on the food table to tame food. After 2-3 days, a small amount of artificial compound feed is added to feed the fish. Gradually increase the proportion of artificial compound feed, reduce the amount of fish gills, until all use artificial feed. The daily amount of bait is about 20% of the fish's body weight, and it is fed 3 times daily.
4. Cultivation and management (1) Regulation of water quality: In the breeding process of fish fry, due to fertilization and feeding, the remaining fecal residue bait is most likely to spoil the water quality. Therefore, the water should be changed once every 3-5 days, and the amount of water exchanged each time is One-fourth of the pool water. It is also possible to transplant some aquatic plants such as duckweed or water hyacinth in the pool to purify the water and facilitate the hiding and feeding of the fry. (2) Dividing in time: When there is a big difference in the growth specification of the fry, because it has a habit of eating too much, it is necessary to screen and raise the stock in time. The same pool of seed, and strive to the same specifications, so as not to affect the survival rate of fry. (3) Day-to-day management: It is mainly a patrol pond that observes the changes in feeding, activities, and water color of the fry in order to timely adjust the feeding amount and do a good job of preventing fish diseases.
(2) Adult fish culture technology Freshwater grouper may be polycultured. Our famous aquaculture experimental base is divided into two methods in polyculture: First, a small amount of freshwater grouper is mixed in the pond. Per mu of water surface polyculture of freshwater grouper 20 or so, after six months of farming, freshwater grouper average weight of about 315 grams, after a year of breeding weight up to about 500 grams. Second, the main fish is freshwater grouper, mixed fish species are grass carp, tilapia, squid, etc. There are 150 freshwater grouper fishes and 300 mixed fishes per mu, which are fed artificial compound feed during the breeding period. Fresh pasture can also be fed. When the zooplankton in the pool is insufficient, a suitable amount of topdressing is required to cultivate zooplankton. After half a year's breeding, the average freshwater grouper’s body weight can reach 175 grams or so. After one year, the body weight can reach over 250 grams. (China Fisheries Net)