Chromium in Weaned Piglets
Recently, due to the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters in pig feed in countries such as the European Union, special emphasis has been placed on the addition of trace elements. One of these is the effect of adding chromium to the diet of weaned pigs. Experts generally believe that the weaned piglets need more chromium than their feed is usually available for, and especially if the diet lacks an antibiotic that promotes growth. Experts pointed out that during physical and physiological stress, chromium excretion in swine urine increased. Of course, weaning is such a period. However, these views have not been confirmed so far. Chromium is indeed an essential nutrient. It is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates as a component of the glucose tolerance factor. Although its specific function has not yet been clarified, it is thought that chromium can improve the efficacy of insulin by maintaining the stability of the insulin structure. In lipid metabolism, chromium reduces the concentration of low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the blood. Chromium also plays a role in protein synthesis by conjugation with the amino acid absorption of cells, and it is related to the structural integrity and expression of DAN. Therefore, chromium deficiency can inhibit glucose tolerance, increase blood lipids and total cholesterol levels, and increase body fat. Natural trivalent chromium is an essential trace element. Inorganic compounds such as chromium chloride, chromium oxide, and chromium sulfate are low in absorptivity due to the formation of insoluble chromium species and interference with zinc and other ions. The bioavailability of organic chromium compounds is relatively high, including chromium trimethylpyridine (the most commonly used in current research), chromium nicotinate, chromium glycinate complexes, and chromium acetate. In the natural chromium source added to feed, the bioavailability of chromium in beer yeast is about 25%. In addition, chromium is also present in black pepper and dark chocolate, and the chromium content per kg of dicalcium phosphate is 50 mg to 150 mg. 1T Typical piglet diets dominated by corn and soybean meal contain 750 ppm to 1500 ppm chromium, but most of them may not be available to piglets. Recently, people's interest has focused on the potential application of organic chromium compounds to mitigate the adverse consequences of early weaning. According to the general hypothesis, acute changes in nutritional status, health, physiology, and group order at the time of weaning will increase the chromium excretion of the piglets, and thus need to be supplemented with a certain amount of chromium. During the past two years, a number of institutes in the United States have studied the effects of adding chromium to weaned pigs under various conditions. However, the results of the studies published to date have been disappointing. For example, at Kansas State University, in a complex ration, whether it is adding various levels (0, 20, 50, and 400 ppb) of chromium nicotinate or adding 200 ppb of chromium lutidine, feeding 180 weaned pigs for 35 days Did not find any effect on the performance or immune status of piglets. The research work of Louisiana State University once again confirmed the metabolism of chromium, but failed to prove the effect of 200ppb CrP or CrP on the growth promotion of piglets. At the same time, researchers at Michigan State University have confirmed that the addition of chromium from yeast does not prevent the loss of copper and zinc caused by stress. They also confirmed that neither the growth performance nor the immune status of piglets raised in confined nursery homes will respond to the addition of chromium. North Carolina State University reports that dietary addition of chromium (chromium dimethylpyridine, chromium nicotinate, or chromium chloride) to weaned piglets that are challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, a disease/stress-inducing factor no help. It can be seen that adding chromium to the diet of weaned piglets remains a controversial issue. Although this has its theoretical basis, it has not yet been ascertained under what conditions chromium will have an effective effect on weaned piglets. Therefore, it is necessary to further study this issue.
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