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As a product of the rapid development of nano-frontier technology, the DNA robot of Caltech's "Money Lab" is small and slow. It takes 5 minutes to take a step, and the step size is 6 nanometers, which is almost one millionth of a human step.
It is only 20 nanometers long and is about one thousandth of a grain of rice. It looks like a rootworm, its body is slender, without a face, and the snake is wrapped around it. Its event site is a flat sheet of DNA composition hidden in a test tube - because it is too small to be injected.
Two kinds of molecular beads are distributed on the board. This "nematode" swims around and picks up the ball to the designated location. The two colors are placed separately.
It is the world's first DNA robot that can simultaneously walk, grab, lay down and sort work. In September of this year, Science published a paper on it.
"This is an important step for DNA robots," said John Reif, a professor of engineering at Duke University. He has been paying attention to the development of DNA synthesis research since the beginning of the 21st century.
For more people, this trek is still in the dimension that is invisible to the naked eye.
Architecture is the innate ability of DNA
DNA robots are not the same as robots that appear on the mass media. The latter is represented by the tough guy "Terminator" played by Schwarzenegger or the big eyes of the track strip. According to Qian Wei, the manager of the money lab and assistant professor of the California Institute of Technology, the little guy in his lab is almost a "soft stretch rope" when he is not entangled with other companions.
Unlike those metal guys, its flesh is made up of nucleotides. The latter is also a deoxyribonucleic acid, a constituent of DNA. This is also the origin of its name.
In the 1980s, a New York crystallographer named Nadrian Seaman gradually realized that the famous DNA is not only the secret of life, but also an excellent building material.
Seaman had a big beard and was a young professor who liked to joke in the lecture. His work in the laboratory was not very pleasant - it was always unsatisfactory to experiment with crystallization by changing conditions to achieve the desired molecular results.
He suddenly opened his brain: Can you let the nucleic acids combine the results themselves?
After all, this is what nature has done for thousands of years, and architecture is the innate ability of DNA.
It is well known that DNA is a double helix that is entangled. Nucleotides with complementary sequences, ie, A and T, C, and G meet, and must be paired with a small tentacle that holds the other hand tightly and makes a spiral upward step.
From this point of view, the nanobiology experiment suddenly became a mother knitting sweater. As long as the complementary DNAs are thrown together, they naturally combine results. No adhesive is needed, no wedges and nail guns are needed, and chemistry takes on all the work. The ends of the threads are entangled with each other, and the direction in which the yarns extend is ever-changing. They can be wrapped around each other, twisted and wrapped around each other.
The "wool" of the braided sweater is cut from the DNA, and the knife is the restriction enzyme. The long DNA strand that is cut is not as smooth as a wool, but has a large, small, and sturdy tip. Those extra-exciting tips are called sticky ends, which, as the name suggests, can act as adhesions in future weaving. They are the thread ends of sweaters.
Through woven sweater synthesis, in 1982, Seaman received a DNA-coded tic-tac-toe. In fact, in the past 30 years, the results of this field have been like a large-scale wool manual book.
Seaman and his successors continue to use new codes, change the length of the cut, and transform the windings to create a variety of DNA molecular structure results. There are two-dimensional patterns that are continuous like Roman tiles, and there are also three-dimensional hydrangea, and even a smiley face can be arranged on the molecular plane. The "wool" of DNA is arranged in an exhaustive manner, as if it were a group gymnastics performance at the opening ceremony of the Games.
DNA synthetics not only form static patterns, but also create robots that can move autonomously. Humans can code to design how the composition moves.
This is also a natural help. DNA is a natural material encoded. It can store a lot of information and can therefore be designed to be active. The basis of coding is clear and concise - the sequence. In addition, many signals can be converted into natural signals.
The robot of Qian Qian’s team has two “footâ€, an “arm†and a “handâ€. It acts on a special molecular surface that consists of a short DNA composition, like a nail plate. The small balls that need to be classified are placed on the nails.
DNA fragments were placed on the robot's feet and nails. The sequences are complementary, the fragments are attracted to each other, and the feet are stepped on the nails. The long strip of robots steadily climbs the nails and climbs into the short pile like a snake.
By coding, the two feet cannot be stepped on a nail at the same time. When the robot is in motion, it only needs to use the idle foot to climb the nail that it wants to reach, and the foot on the original nail will automatically release. It swims on the nailboard, like a spring that jumps between the deep grass.
The classification of the ball by the robot is also dependent on the help of the sequence. The small ball carries two pieces of DNA, which attracts the palm of the robot to shake freely, so that it can be picked up. A nail that attracts the destination, so that it can be put down. Two different colors of goods are sent to different destinations, so the matching marks are different.
At work, the robot is designed to follow the simplest rules of behavior: strolling around. Your house's sweeping robots are full of houses, eaten when they encounter dust, and so do DNA robots. When you are empty, pick up the goods and pick them up. When holding the goods, put down the nails of the purpose.
"This kind of roaming doesn't cost a little bit of energy," Qian said.
“It’s a beautiful job.†A chemist commented on his video website channel, “Speaking of robots, they always think of mechanical controls and computers, and they see other directions and nature.â€
DNA robots move "beads" with an accuracy rate close to 100%
"They can reach places where humans can't reach. Electromechanical robots are sent to Mars, and they can be sent to the bloodstream for accurate delivery of drugs." Qian said to the media.
The "elastic rope" of Qian Qian's team is not lacking in the same kind. In the past 10 years, scientists have used synthetic DNA to create molecular robots with different functions.
A guy who looks like a small bucket with a lid may be the latest weapon to fight cancer. In September 2012, the Weiss Bio-Inspired Engineering Institute published a paper on Science and launched a new DNA robot.
The bucket is filled with medicine, and the outer wall of the bucket is locked with a double screw which is tightly wound, and the two parts of the cylinder are tightly closed to ensure that the medicine does not spill.
The key to unlock the lock is a specific protein. Once the protein is recognized by a small amount of DNA that has been locked, it will be attached to it, thereby loosening the spiral of the lock and opening the entire bucket.
The researchers hope that it can swim in the ocean of the human body, safely bypass the healthy tissue, through the bright red blood torrent, only when it confronts the black-pressed diseased cells, it will be stimulated and spit out the artillery fire hidden in the chest.
This precise and effective attack makes it more like a fighter in a human body, unlike the indiscriminate attack of traditional cancer chemotherapy.
At present, these DNA robots can only be used in test tubes, and it is far from being able to enter the human body to treat diseases. Chen Wenlong, a nanobiology expert at Monash University in Australia, once praised the work of the money team in an interview with the media, but he also said that if the robot rushes into the human body, the genetic code carried by synthetic DNA is likely to disturb the human body. Genetic information.
The focus of scientists' work is on how to make these little guys move faster.
This spring, the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the team of East China Normal University published a paper in Applied Chemistry to introduce a new robot they built, which can be driven by exonuclease to achieve more efficient walking.
The Qian Qian team took the tactics of group operations. It takes a whole day for a single robot to complete the classification of 12 "beads" in two colors. They then added more robotic helpers to this "worksite." The DNA robots go their own way and the efficiency is greatly improved. The work of one day is shortened to several hours, and the accuracy is kept close to 100%.
This is also a long-standing idea of ​​DNA robot research: individual strength is small, and unity is also powerful.
In the future, Qian Hao hopes to imitate the ants who collectively perform the task, leaving the robot with signals that can be recognized by the companions, thus improving the efficiency of inaccurate roaming.
"A lot of possible applications of DNA robots in the future are still in the category of science fiction." Qian said.
Life is also a program, naturally it is a programmer who writes about it.
"Although they are still slow and simple, DNA robots have shown advantages over microelectronic robots," said John Reif of Duke University.
He has experienced the divergence of DNA research. At the end of the last century, the natural close relationship between DNA and data has led many scientists to believe in the creation of a DNA computer. But after constant experimentation, some of them feel more and more annoyed: their achievements are far behind the existing micro-computers that are still developing rapidly.
They argue that DNA should be done at its best, in the organic organization or other similar environment for data processing. Microelectronics computers can't go there.
The young team at Qianxi Lab is the latest successor to this wave of trends. Among them are chemists who are obsessed with the composition of "not in nature but as complex as natural creation", and also have doctors who have obtained a doctorate in medicine. The common interest of this lab is: coding.
In the process of manufacturing robots, they always remind themselves: simple, simpler. The algorithm of the robot is as simple as possible, and the logic of the work follows a short process of "yes" or "no". Even the form is a simple line, without the intricate weaving.
This is because: "The simpler, the more likely it is to be used as a basis to add new features." Their goal is not to perfect a specific task, but to develop as many integrated uses as possible.
"My interest in my lab is the engineering principle for building these atomic robots," Qian said.
Using engineering principles, programmers and engineers create an entire world of microelectronics, from small converters to the various robots we are familiar with. Similarly, the world of molecular biology can range from simple to ever-changing.
In the eyes of Qian Yan, life is also a procedure. Naturally, it is the programmer who writes about it, and the numerator is the platform on which it is carried. Different sequences of programs can produce insects, bacteria or kittens.
However, our application of the program of life is still very limited. “More than 1,000 iPhone apps are born every day, and the number of molecules is far behind.â€
“Do humans have the opportunity to use the programming space of the entire molecular biological system?†Qian Wei asked himself in a speech in 2016.
She wrote on the personal page of the California Institute of Technology: "The nature contains all the beauty and truth we are looking for, but the journey of seeking needs to be illuminated by the flames of the heart."
Original title: Demystifying DNA robots "a huge step": accurate delivery of drugs in the blood circulation