"Science" magazine named this year's top ten scientific breakthroughs in life sciences accounted for four
At the end of each year, the scientific journal recognized by the international scientific community will select the top ten scientific breakthroughs. This is not only the year-end inventory of the annual scientific and technological events, but also the cutting-edge hot research direction of the scientific community in recent years. This year's top ten breakthroughs reflect the three major trends of scientific development since the 21st century: First, the major scientific engineering has a significant role in solving certain major scientific problems; second, the life sciences continue to heat up, and some serious illnesses are no longer incurable; It is the pre-printed website that has a rise in the mode of communication that changes the scientific research results. Of the top ten breakthroughs this year, two came from the field of physics, the first time humans "see" gravitational waves and portable neutrino detectors. Typical large science project The “seeing†gravitational wave, which was selected as the number one breakthrough, is a typical large-scale scientific engineering project. The United States has invested a total of 1.1 billion U.S. dollars in the past few decades. This year’s paper has only 3,674 authors, and they are from 953 institutions worldwide. . Behind the portable neutrino detector, there are more than 80 scientists from more than 20 institutions in 4 countries. In fact, without major scientific engineering, the other two major breakthroughs in the field of physics in the past 20 years are difficult to achieve. The Nobel Prize-winning neutrino oscillation in 2015 was based on the Japanese Super-Kamioka Detector and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada. The discovery of the Higgs boson, which was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2013 and is known as the "God Particle", is the result of the experiment of the Large Hadron Collider at the European Nuclear Research Center. In an editorial article titled "The Big and Small Science", Jeremy Berg, editor-in-chief of Science, concludes that large science projects with clear goals seem to be more successful than big science projects with vague goals. The US “Laser Interference Gravitational Wave Observatory†project, which finds gravitational waves, is a typical example. It has a solid theoretical foundation, clear objectives, sufficient time and money, and an excellent team that attaches great importance to management. But Berg also pointed out that, as reflected in the top ten breakthroughs this year, a large number of important discoveries came from small, small research teams that would present more open but sometimes far-reaching issues. “Small science projects can explore a wide variety of issues, and it is relatively easy to adjust the direction of research in the context of exploration,†Berg said. “Some discoveries in small science projects can lay the foundation for larger science projects that require more coordination. In fact, the development of general relativity, the invention of interferometers, and the presentation and discovery of the concepts of black holes and neutron stars are all necessary conditions for the breakthrough results of this year." Gene project is currently a hot spot Among the four life science achievements, in addition to cryo-electron microscopy technology, the other three are gene therapy, precise gene editing and broad-spectrum anti-cancer drugs, which are more or less related to genes, reflecting that it is a big problem to make a fuss about genes. Hot spot. Statistics show that around 2,400 clinical trials of gene therapy have been conducted worldwide. In the United States, three gene therapies were approved this year, two of which treat cancer and one treat genetic disease. US Food and Drug Administration Director Scott Gottlieb commented that gene therapy is at a "turning point", "I believe that gene therapy will become the backbone of treating and even curing many serious illnesses." Biology preprints are selected The rise of biological preprints may be unexpected for many people. Preprints refer to draft papers that are uploaded to the public platform for peer review without peer review. The benefits are that they are published in the first place, which helps to communicate with peers in a timely manner and get feedback quickly. The traditional academic journals are mostly peer-reviewed before the publication of the paper. The advantage is that the quality of the article is guaranteed, but the review process is generally long and takes months or even years, so that when the paper is published, all the excitement It has usually disappeared ("Science" magazine)". The earliest preprinted website was the pre-printed website of the Achif paper established in 1991, mainly for physics. Today, 70% of particle physics papers are published in pre-printed form. Nearly 30 years later, preprints in the field of biology have also begun to rise. The bioRxiv website launched in 2013 now has nearly 1,500 papers uploaded each month. This year, the website also received financial support from the US-Zuckerberg Initiative. According to Science, many journals have allowed authors to publish their papers in pre-printed form, and some editors even went to bioRxiv to find papers for publication. Many research funding agencies in Europe and the United States have also introduced policies to encourage the use of preprints. At the same time, preprints can help young scientists quickly establish academic records. All of these indicate that preprints have brought about “significant changes in the culture of science communicationâ€. Interestingly, the artificial intelligence research that failed this year has not been selected. This may be reasonable, because the industrialization of artificial intelligence has just begun, and people are seeing more potential in this field. In addition, quantum communication and quantum computing technology are not on the list, which is equally understandable because they are still far from practical applications. However, Pan Jianwei, the chief scientist of the China Quantum Satellite Project, was selected as one of the top ten scientific figures in the 2017 British Nature magazine, highlighting that quantum technology is receiving high attention from the scientific community. International archive This year's "Top Ten Scientific Breakthroughs" For the first time, "seeing" gravitational waves: gravitational waves are a kind of space-time flaws caused by collisions between black holes and neutron stars. A hundred years ago, Einstein's general theory of relativity predicted the existence of gravitational waves, but it was not until the beginning of last year that scientists announced the first discovery of gravitational waves in 2015, and three Americans won this year's Nobel Prize in Physics. Two years ago, scientists simply converted signals into sounds through giant detectors on Earth, and “listened†to gravitational waves caused by the merger of black holes. But this year, not only did they first "listen" to the gravitational waves generated by the collision of two neutron stars, but also "see" the cosmic events for the first time from the infrared, X-ray, ultraviolet and radio waves. New species of people: After nearly 90 years, scientists discovered a new ape-like species in Indonesia, the Barnori orangutan. Atomic Life: With high-resolution resolution at near-atom levels, cryo-electron microscopy brings new insights into many key life molecules and rapidly reshapes structural biology. The rise of biological preprints: Following the physics, the first draft of unreviewed papers published online in the field of biology has changed, and the way of scientific communication has undergone major changes. Accurate gene editing: Single-base gene editing research has made significant progress, and Chinese scientists are the first to repair a single mutant base in human embryos. Broad-spectrum anti-cancer drugs: For the first time in the United States, drugs are approved based on the type of genetic mutations, not tumor tissue sources, to achieve a single drug for the treatment of multiple solid tumors. The oldest ice core: Antarctic digs 270 million years ago with ice cores, which contain bubbles that can help reveal the greenhouse gas levels during the Quaternary glacial period. New discoveries of human origin: The Homo sapiens fossils unearthed in Morocco 300,000 years ago pushed the human origin forward for about 100,000 years. The victory of gene therapy: gene therapy successfully treated common genetic disease spinal muscular atrophy; three gene therapies were approved for use in the United States. Portable Neutrino Detector: American scientists used the instrument to detect the scatter process associated with neutrinos for the first time. close up Science "Annual Crash Event": The Trump administration is separated from the scientific community On the 21st, the US Science published its "Crash of the Year", and the "epic-like barrier" between the Trump administration and the American scientific community was selected. In an explanatory article, Science wrote that the Trump administration has withdrawn from the global Paris Agreement on Climate Change, abolishing many environmental regulations and calling for a drastic cut in the budgets of key research institutions. Science also conducted an informal survey of 66 prominent American scientists, half of whom said they would reject jobs offered by the Trump administration. The article said that American scientists also condemned some of the Trump administration's employment choices, and named the Environmental Protection Agency Director Pruitt and the Energy Minister Perry, who believed that the two people were facing the scientific mission shouldered by the institutions they led. In addition, Trump’s nomination of Rep. Jim Bridenstin as the new Director of NASA is a step toward “politicizing†NASA. Sexual harassment in the scientific community has also been included in the "Crisis of the Year" in Science. There have been several high-volume cases in the United States this year. For example, a professor of geology at Boston University was accused of sexually harassing female students during the Antarctic study in the 1990s; nine researchers at the University of Rochester sued the school and complained that they complained about a professor. Sexual harassment of students has been retaliated by the school. In addition, a project to protect the last 30 porcupine dolphins in the Gulf of California in northwestern Mexico ended in failure and was one of the "annual crashes" selected by Science magazine. (Southern Metropolis Daily) Roller Hook Tomato Plant Support Roller Hook Tomato Plant Support,Tomato Trellis-trellising,Greenhouse Tomato Plant,Accessory Trellising Roller Hook JIANGSU SKYPLAN GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD , https://www.spgreenhouse.com