Understanding the primary pests and diseases that affect peanuts, along with their respective periods of occurrence, is essential for effective early prevention and timely treatment. This knowledge helps farmers implement proper management strategies to protect crop health and maximize yield.
Main Pests:
1. **Subterranean Pests**: These include wireworms, mole crickets, cockroaches, and white grubs. They are particularly damaging during the early stages of peanut growth, affecting germination, pod formation, and overall yield. These pests are active throughout the growing season, especially in clay or sticky soils where they can cause significant harm.
2. **Locusts**: The main damage occurs between May and June (seedling stage) and again from July to August (mid-to-late growth). High temperatures and dry conditions often lead to severe infestations, which can devastate young plants and reduce productivity.
3. **Red Spider Mites**: These pests thrive in dry weather and typically cause damage from June to August. Drought conditions increase their population, leading to leaf discoloration and reduced photosynthesis.
4. **Cotton Bollworms**: The third and fourth generations are most active from June to August. These pests are particularly problematic in drought years, as they feed on leaves and developing pods, causing substantial yield losses.
Major Diseases:
1. **Root Rot**: Also known as "rat tail" or "root rot," this fungal disease is a serious threat to peanut crops. It commonly occurs when seeds are exposed to heavy rain or in fields that have been replanted without proper crop rotation. Infected roots become soft and decayed, leading to poor plant establishment and lower yields.
2. **Peanut Virus Diseases**: These include several types such as peanut stripe virus, peanut yellow mosaic virus, peanut dwarf virus, and peanut bud necrosis virus. Among these, the stripe virus is the most widespread and can cause significant economic loss due to stunted growth and reduced pod quality.
By identifying these pests and diseases early and understanding their life cycles, farmers can apply targeted control measures, such as cultural practices, biological control, or appropriate pesticide use, to ensure healthy and productive peanut crops.
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