Section 1 Significance of Feeding Dairy Cows 1. Significance of Dairy Farming Dairy cows are a grain-saving, economical, and efficient industry. 1. Milk is the animal feed product with the highest feed conversion rate. Feeding cows with one kilogram of feed produces twice as much animal protein as feeding pigs. The production of a kilogram of milk requires only 0.4 kilograms of concentrate, while the production of one kilogram of pork requires 3.5--4 kilograms of concentrate, and one kilogram of chicken consumes 2.2-2.6 kilograms of grain. 2. Milk is rich in nutrients, containing relatively complete amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Lactose and fat are easily digested and absorbed by the body. The digestibility rate is 98%. 3. The development of the dairy cow industry has a combination of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery, straw back to the field (tang), promote the effectiveness of a virtuous circle of agricultural production, and can increase food and fish production. 4. Milk is a raw material for the dairy industry and can be processed into a variety of dairy products with high added value, which has both social benefits and high economic benefits. 5. The dairy industry in our city has only a history of more than 50 years. It is a young industry that started relatively late. At present, the number of dairy cows and milk production are far from meeting the needs of processing companies and markets. Therefore, it is very promising to raise dairy cows. Second, the variety of dairy cows There are many varieties of dairy cows, from production use, there are milk-type and dual-use type. There are also Holstein cows and Jersey cows in the milk type. At present, the cows raised in our city are Holstein cows, which are black-and-white cows. This is the best dairy breed in the world. Its characteristics are: precocity, rapid growth and development, mild temperament, high feed utilization rate, strong adaptability and high milk production performance. Generally, the annual output is above 5,000 kg. However, poor heat resistance, weak disease resistance, and high feeding conditions are required. Section II. Feed and Nutritional Requirements for Dairy Cows 1. Dairy cows have a wide variety of feeds for feed cows. The form and characteristics of amines can be divided into roughage, green feed, silage, energy feed, protein feed, and tank feed, and Seven categories of mineral feed. The first category: roughage. This type of feed has a high content of crude fiber, a large rest, and a low nutritional value. Its crude fiber content is above 18%, but it can promote rumination, gastrointestinal motility and digestive function, maintain milk fat rate does not decline, and is an indispensable feed for dairy cows. . Such as hay, straw, dry peanuts and other grasses or legumes of hay, draft Park, father shell are all such. The second category: green feed. This kind of feed has more moisture content, generally more than 60%, rich in vitamin content, less crude fiber, good palatability, easy to digest, is a better feed for dairy cows. Such as leafy vegetables, pulp, yellow buds, cabbage leaves; grass black bran, grassy grass, wild grass, as well as fresh sweet potato vines are such. The third category: Green gambling, state material. That is, the feed deposited with silage methods. This type of feed is fermented by lactic acid bacteria, has a former aroma, soft texture, and can maintain most of the nutrients in the green feed, high digestibility, good palatability, and increased milk production. In the Changsha area, there are green corn poles, sweet potato tun, sweet potatoes, and big-headed oysters. Under the panicle spikes, the lower part has 1-2 pairs of yellow leaves, and the growth period is more than 100 days. After harvesting the corn stalks, the greener the better, and do not wait until the complete dryness is modulated. 3. Cutting: The shorter ones are better, and the corn straw is rough, generally requiring 2 to 3 cm. 4. Filling: When the feed enters the pit, it is necessary to level the raw materials in a timely manner, especially in the corners of the pits and in the areas that are close to the walls. 5. Capping: When the silage in the cellar is full (generally about 20% beyond the surface of the kiln to avoid sagging), first cover one to two layers of plastic film, the edge must go beyond the periphery of the pit, plus 20-30 centimeters The soil is solid and covered. He has a bread-like or fish-like shape to facilitate drainage. 6. Open cellar: After about 30 to 40 days after storage, the cellar can be opened for feeding. It is not necessary to expose the pit when exposed, so as not to affect the loss of quality and nutrients. 7. Quality Appraisal: Quality silage: green or yellow green package, shiny, with aroma, moist, stems and leaves remain the same. Poor silage: black or dark dark green, smelly or musty. The stems and leaves become sludge-like, rotten and deteriorated and cannot be fed. Third, the nutritional needs of dairy cows Nutritional needs of dairy cows refers to the maintenance of normal life activities, growth, milk production, pregnancy and other processes, the type and quantity of nutrients needs. (a) The water required for water generation is not a true nutrient, but it plays an important role in bovine body function, milk production, and total feed intake. The amount of water needed by dairy cows includes both moisture in the feed and direct drinking water. It is influenced by factors such as total intake of dry matter, Laos, lactation, pregnancy, temperature, and humidity. It depends to a large extent on dry matter intake and milk yield. It is estimated that drinking water will be 4--6 kg per 1 kg of dry matter, and about 2- 3 kg of water will be needed for every 1 kg of milk produced. (2) Maintenance of nutrients The dairy cows need to consume nutrients and energy accumulated in the body during various activities to maintain their lives. To compensate for such nutrient consumption, the cows must continuously obtain them from the feed. This is the nutritional requirement for maintenance. Energy is mainly derived from the three major nutrients of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in feed. The calories generated per gram of nutrients are 4.1 kcal for carbohydrates, 9.45 kcal for fat, and 5.65 kcal for protein. The production of dairy cows in China is based on the “energy unit of dairy cows†as a yardstick for measuring energy efficiency and economic efficiency of feed, and it is also one of the important indicators in nutrition needs. A “cow energy unit†is equivalent to 1 kg of standard milk energy containing 4% of fat, ie 750 f calories of milk produced from milk, abbreviated as NND. The maintenance needs of cows are calculated based on body weight. About 1.31 kg of dry matter, 2.4 NND, 98 g of crude protein, 6 g of calcium, and 4 g of phosphorus are needed for every 100 kg of body weight. In general, a cow with a cow in the grass season, the better quality of grass, can basically maintain its nutritional needs, but in order to ensure the nutritional needs of all aspects, should be added daily to feed 1-1.5 kg of mixed concentrate, hay The season is 1.5-2 kg and 5-8 kg of green and blue tuber feed. (3) The nutrition of lactation requires that the energy metabolism of dairy cows in the lactation period is about twice as high as that in the dry period. The quantity needed depends on the changes in the cow's weight, milk production, and milk fat percentage. In addition to supplying nutritional needs for maintenance, an adult cow should also be given 0.52 kg of dry matter, 85 g of crude protein, 4.5 g of calcium, and 3 g of phosphorus per kilogram of milk produced. In general, adult lactating cows need 2 to 3.5% of their body weight per day for dry matter. (IV) Nutrition for Pregnancy During the cow's pregnancy, all nutrients needed by the fetus are supplied by the mother, and more than 50% of their growth and development is completed after 7 months of pregnancy. Therefore, the nutritional needs of pregnant cows mainly refer to the nutritional needs of the third trimester of pregnancy, especially the dry period. During this period, generally on the basis of maintenance, the daily increase of energy about 3-5NND, more than 400 grams of crude protein, 25 grams of calcium, 10 grams of phosphorus, vitamin A1-20000 units. Dry matter intake is 2 to 2.5% of body weight. (5) Nutritional requirements for growth and development The calf's postnatal stage of birth and the calving stage are the vigorous stages of growth and development, and its nutritional needs are particularly important. In the lactation period, it is mainly obtained from milk. After weaning, it is completely taken from the feed. Therefore, sufficient nutrients, especially proteins, minerals and vitamins, should be supplied during this period. According to relevant data, each kilogram of weight gain requires about 8NND of energy, 320g of crude protein, 20g of calcium, 10g of peptone, and a unit of vitamin A3000. Section III: Feeding and Management of Dairy Cows 1. Reserves Management of Reserve Cattle The reserve cattle include two stages of calf and breeding cattle. Cows aged 1 to 6 months are yaks; heifers aged 6 months to the calving period are heifers. (1) Feeding and management of yak Newly-born yak has a delicate physique, weak disease resistance, and poor physiological function of the intestine. It needs to go through nursing and weaning. It is negligent and often leads to poor development or death. 1. Feeding: After the calf's birth, no more than 30-90 minutes later. 4 hours, should be fed 1-2 kg of colostrum. Because newborn calves do not have the ability to produce antibodies themselves and resist any infectious diseases, a large amount of antibodies must be obtained from the maternal colostrum, and colostrum contains abundant nutrients. Therefore, yak is best fed to the mother's colostrum for 4-5 days after birth, or 4-5 kilograms (three times a day). Some yaks may be unaccustomed to the first two feedings, and the breeder must patiently induce their sucking. The second week began to feed regular milk, in order to exercise gastrointestinal function and change its capacity, and enhance the ability to milk later. Must be fed early with high quality roughage and a small amount of concentrate. The feeding period is 3 months and the total feeding is controlled at 350-400 kg. After 3 months weaning, feeding 1.5 kg of mixed concentrate, and feeding more roughage. Feeding yak should pay attention to three sets, that is, timing, quantitative, fixed temperature. The second week can be fed twice a day, timing morning and evening. Daily milk and concentrate feeds can increase or decrease as the age increases. Do not feed more or feed less. Milk temperature: must be at 37-38°C. Feed formula of yak: 20-30% of corn or wheat flour, 30-50% of wheat bran, l-5-30% of bean cake, l0% of peanut cake, 3-10% of fish meal, 2% of bone meal, 0.5-1% of salt It should also add about l% of trace elements and a small amount of vitamins A, D, and E. 2. Management: 1 After the yak is born, use a towel to quickly wipe the mucus (amniotic fluid) in its mouth and nasal cavity to prevent inhalation of the lungs, causing respiratory obstruction and foreign body pneumonia. If suspended animation occurs. Should mention the calf two hind limbs, pours the amniotic fluid of the throat. Perform artificial IJf suction. Then dry your body with a rag or grass. 2 Use a sterilized pair of scissors to cut the lice about 7 cm away from the abdominal wall of the yaks. After squeezing the residual blood from the umbilical cord, immerse the umbilical cord with 5% iodine anhydride. 3 Weigh immediately after drying and place it in a clean yak cage or shelf. And fill out the bull loan card, draw the pattern and number. The first stage (5-10 days) is best kept in separate cages. After the first stage, it can be transferred to the yak. In yak houses, they should be allowed to move and eat freely in the stadium. Adequate exercise and sunlight can promote the growth of yaks. (B) Breeding cattle breeding management 1. Breeding: The cows in the rearing stage should use the largest amount of forage materials and juicy feeds, and feed less concentrate to continue to cultivate and exercise the volume and activity of the digestive organs. Generally, in the case of feeding high quality hay, silage, and tuber feed, the young cattle before the age of one year should be supplied 1.5-2.5 kilograms of concentrate each day; the cows over one year old should be supplied with 2 to 3.5 kilograms of refined concentrate. Material; 3-4 months before the first delivery, supplement concentrates 3.0 to 4.5 kg. Another day should also add salt and bone meal 20 to 30 grams. 2. Management 1 pay attention to heat, timely breeding. Breeding cows usually have estrus symptoms around the age of 10 months. They can breed 15 to 16 months of age and weigh up to 350 kg. 2 After three months of pregnancy, management should be strengthened, but care should be taken that the constitution should not be too fat. 3Before the first three months of prenatal delivery, regular massage of the breast with a dry towel is performed to promote better development. The breast distending is stopped until about two weeks before delivery. Second, the feeding and management of dairy cows (A) preparation of feed: to ensure adequate and balanced feed supply, is to raise a good dairy cow to promote its maximum potential for lactating performance of the material basis. Each year, adult dairy cows with an annual output of about 5000 kilograms need 2.5 to 3 tons of concentrate, 4 to 6 tons of corn silage, and 1 ton of hay. Straw l 1.5 tons as a basic feed, but also a certain amount of root-juicy feed, bad dregs and mineral feed. (2) Diet coordination: In order to meet the nutritional needs of dairy cows, the diets must be properly matched with green, coarse, and concentrated feeds. The varieties in the mixed concentrates should also be complete, and the crude protein content should be about 15%. Now we introduce the formula for mixed concentrates in Changsha area for reference. Corn 28% Bran 20% Rice 20% Soybean meal 5% Cottonseed 15% rapeseed 8% bone meal 1.5% stone meal 1.0% salt 1.5% (C) Feeding principles and methods Feeding amount of dairy cows, based on cow's weight and It depends on the amount of milk produced in each period. In addition to supplying feed for maintaining nutrients, it is also necessary to mix o.35 to 0.4 kg of concentrate per kilogram of milk produced. At the same time, calcium and phosphorus and other minerals should also be added. Every day, the amount of material consumed per cow is 2-3.5% of body weight, about 15 kg. The amount of mixed concentrate is 5-10 kg. And master the feeding points according to different periods. 1. Postpartum recovery period: about 2 to 3 weeks after childbirth. This period should be based on the gradual increase in the basis of the milk and calcium, phosphorus, feeding more quality hay. Appropriate control of green juicy feed. Dry matter intake is about 2.5% of body weight. 2. The peak of lactation: about 20-100 days after childbirth. This period is the golden stage of the whole lactation period, and its milk production accounts for about 40% of the total lactation yield. During this phase, the amount of feed should be gradually increased according to the increase of appetite and milk production of the cows, and the dry matter intake is up to 3-3.5%. More than 4%. The content of crude protein digestible towel should be higher than the calculated amount of 10-15%. 3. Late and late lactation: 100 to 200 days after childbirth is 200 days after mid-lactation to dry milk to late lactation. The feeding of these two butterflies should be based on the principle of “multiple production and more feeding, less production and less feeding,†and “dairy scheduling†to avoid blindly multiple logic circuits and less feeding. 4. Dry milk period: It should be noted that nutritional levels must be maintained above average but should not be too fat. The feeding amount can be given according to the following conditions: The first month of dry milk is equivalent to 2-5 kilograms of milk production, and the second month of dry milk is equivalent to 5-9 kilograms of milk production. Dry milk heavy fetal rations r material can be calculated based on 2-2.5% of body weight. Per kg of dry matter should be about 12% of crude protein, crude fiber more than 20%. More quality hay, but also should be added calcium, phosphorus and other minerals. (D) Milking Technology There are two kinds of manual milking and machine milking. Now introduced to milking technology. 1. Preparation before milking: 1 Scrubbing the breasts: It is the first process of milking, which can clean the dirt on the soiled and dirty areas, keep the milk clean, stimulate the breasts and promote lactation. Wash the breast with warm water of 40-50°C. It is not suitable for being too cold or too hot. Scrub method: First use a hot and humid towel from the nipple, around the nipple, breast mirror, breasts on both sides of the sequential scrub, then: Wash the towel wring dry rub according to the breast. 2 put cattle legs: for those who are violent bull or young cattle. It is usually necessary to bind the back of the cow to avoid injuring the milker and kicking the milking bucket. 3 Check the head to see if there is mastitis. The method is to squeeze the head of the milk on a clean floor or in a black cup to check for abnormalities such as pus and blood to determine whether there is mastitis. 2. Milking method: The milkman is sitting on the right low stool on the right side of the cow. The legs clamp the milk bucket and the milking begins. There are two types of milking methods: one is crushing (or milking), and the other is sliding down. In general, milking is often done by pressing. This method uses the thumb and forefinger to grip the base of the nipple. Then the nipple, the ring finger and the little finger are used to squeeze the nipples in sequence, and the milk is squeezed out. The two hands alternate and repeat the process. This method is comfortable for cattle and has a fast milking speed. It is a better manual milking method. Slip-down method is to use the thumb and forefinger and the middle finger to grip the base of the teat and slide it out. This method excessively stretches the tits, causes uncomfortable bovine sensation, and damages the teat tissue. Therefore, it is rarely used, and it can only be used when it is difficult to squeeze out by the squeeze method. 3. Milking Notes: 1 When milking, the milker should not bow his head, bow back, bend over, and always pay attention to the movement of the cow so as not to be harmed or knocked over by the cow. 2 Because the milk lactation reflex duration is very short, the milking should be heard quickly, 80-120 times per minute milk pressure squeezed, squeezed milk 1-1.5 kg, and the middle can not be stopped, should be within 5-8 minutes After squeezing. Requirements "light, clever, stable, fast." 3 must be clean. So as not to affect milk production and cause mastitis (but the cows in the first few days after delivery, generally do not squeeze out all). Therefore, the first pair of dairy areas must be squeezed back after squeezing out the second pair of dairy areas. Then squeeze the second pair of milk areas and repeat it several times until it is squeezed. After each cow has been squeezed, soak the nipples with 0.l% solution to prevent mastitis. (e) Dry milk technology About 1 5-30 days before dry milk, a further pregnancy test is required to prevent airborne dry milk from causing unnecessary losses. 2. Dry milk method: There are two kinds of fast dry milk and gradually dry milk. Fast-money dry milk law, as long as the milking day, squeeze the net after the last milk stop. This method is applicable to cows that do not suffer from subclinical mastitis and low yields. Gradually dry milk method: Gradually reduce the number of milking face last stop milk. That is to say, start the milking twice a day three times a day, change it to another day, and then stop it every other day. It usually takes 45 days. 3. Injecting Pharmacy: Regardless of the dry milk method, after the last squeezing of the milk, a spirit or oil penicillin, ten-dairy phamacemine and other dry creams should be injected into each teat to close the nipple and prevent it from occurring. Mastitis. After mastitis occurs in dairy cows, it is necessary to inject blue, streptomycin, gentamycin, or prolactin and other new emulsions into the diseased nipples to prevent inflammation. Serious systemic treatment can be completed. Third, the daily management of dairy cows Drinking water: Water is an indispensable material condition for ensuring the health and high yield of dairy cows. An adult cow with high yield needs about 80-100 kg of water per day. In a high-temperature environment, the amount of drinking water increases significantly. In the food (water) tank, adequate and clean drinking water should be maintained at all times. Water temperature to l0-15 °C is appropriate. 2. Feeding: The time and frequency of feeding are generally determined by milking. If milking is performed three times, it is fed three times. When milk is squeezed twice, it is fed twice. The so-called “three feeds with three feeds†and “two feeds with two feedsâ€. Feeding method can be used "coarse after the fine" or "precision after the coarse" method can be. 3. Grazing: Full exercise can increase the body strength of the cow, increase appetite and increase milk production. If the cow does not exercise for a long time, it will not only reduce milk yield, but also affect the breeding and conception rate and the growth and development of the reserve cattle. Therefore, we must constantly grazing. Grazing time: In the hot summer season, cows are generally released after 6 pm; spring, autumn and winter are usually released at noon or evening. Daily grazing time is about 4 hours. Rain should not be grazing. Heavy-fat cattle should avoid slipping or bruising, and vigorous exercise is forbidden. Pregnant cattle should stop grazing. 4. Brushing: Brush your body frequently to keep the body clean and promote blood circulation. 5. Diligently engage in hygiene and keep the barn and playground clean and dry. Every day, the cowshed should be cleaned 2 3 times to eradicate the excrement on the cow bed, the dirt and bedding, and remove the dirt such as excrement and urine, so as to prevent the cow's hoof from catching the dirt and immersing in the excrement and infecting. Frequently clean up the gravel, bricks and dirt inside the stadium and fill in the flats to prevent the emergence of hooves. If a cow has a hoof disease, the following methods are generally used: 1 Wash the affected hoof and soak the liquid. Remove the gravel and dirt from the hoof clip, wash it off with clean water, inspect the affected area, and then soak it in 10% copper sulfate solution. 3 Apply hooves and ointment to remove swollen hooves. If serious, ask a veterinarian for treatment. 6. Summer cooling and cold warm. The hot summer in the south has not only affected dairy cows' production, but also caused them to easily cause disease and even cause death. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of preventing heatstroke and cooling. There must be a ceiling fan or exhaust fan inside the cowshed; wash the body with cold water 1-2 times a day at noon or afternoon. And use "Liuyi San" mixed feed in the feed. In the winter, it is also necessary to prevent the thieves from attacking and do warm work. 7. Pay attention to heat and timely breeding. Dairy cows are usually estrus and breeding at 50-90 days after calving. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the situation of estrus in cattle and bred cattle, so that timely mating and increase fertility rates. Breeding breeding cows can be found in beef cattle breeding techniques.
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