Most of the signals from the outside of the cell are transmitted to the inside of the cell through various receptors distributed on the surface of the cell, thereby causing physiological reactions of the cells and exerting corresponding functions.
The largest receptor family on the cell surface is G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). There are more than 1000 genes encoding GPCRs, accounting for more than 2% of the total human genome. Signaling of G protein-coupled receptors is required to be transmitted to downstream effector proteins (Effectors) by heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-Proteins). The basic principle of a typical G-protein coupled receptor signaling is that a specific ligand binds to the corresponding 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), causing a change in the conformation of the GPCR; after conformational changes The GPCR is capable of binding to the corresponding GDP-bound trimeric G protein and inducing a change in the conformation of the G subunit of the trimer, releasing the bound GDP. The G subunit in the vacant state quickly binds to GTP in the surrounding environment. The G subunit that binds GTP is immediately separated from the GPCR and G subunit complexes. The free G subunit and G subunit bind to the downstream effector protein, respectively, and signal transduction is achieved by regulating the activity of the effector protein. At the same time as or after the binding of the G subunit to the effector protein, the hydrolyzed GTP becomes GDP, so the G subunit closes its function under its own regulation, returns to the inactive GDP binding state, and forms a trimer with the G subunit. Wait for the next signal transduction. The trimeric G protein is used to achieve the "on" and "off" of the molecular signal through such a cycle, so that the signal can be correctly and effectively transmitted.
The understanding of GPCR-mediated signal transduction mechanisms is of great importance for drug development. However, the structure of GPCRs is quite complex, and one of the core questions surrounding GPCR and G protein research is: How can GPCRs be detected or whether G proteins are activated? This is a very real problem for all scientists who study G proteins. However, traditional detection methods, such as isotope-labeled nucleotides, fluorescently labeled nucleotides, or spectrophotometry, are either cumbersome or difficult to perform, and are not satisfactory.
Recently, scientists at NewEast Biosciences have invented a highly sensitive detection method based on specific monoclonal antibodies. The method is based on a monoclonal antibody capable of specifically recognizing a GTP-binding state of a trimeric G protein or a small G protein, and is capable of rapidly detecting whether a G protein is activated by a convenient and quick kit. In addition to its simplicity, ease of operation, and high sensitivity, this method has one of the most attractive advantages: it has the possibility of capturing the activation state of the G protein in the fixed cells. And that's what many scientists who study G-protein signaling are dreaming about. Currently, this type of kit has been cited in more than 100 high-level research papers. With the popularity of these detection methods, the research progress of G protein signal transduction will be further accelerated.
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Incrasing Immunnity
Immunity refers to the defense system in the body, just like the military protects human health. immunity can have
It is very important to prevent the body from being invaded by foreign pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Therefore, properly improving immunity and maintaining normal immune function are the keys to resisting infections such as viruses.
How to enhance immunity
Food is the foundation, and at the same time ensure adequate sleep, avoid excessive tension and stress, and then exercise properly, for the improvement of High immunity is also very important. Some patients with particularly low immune function or critically ill patients, intravenous infusion gamma globulin helps to improve immune function, but for normal people, this is not an appropriate method.
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