Edamame planting method and edamame planting fertilization program

The edamame alias is a soybean that is eaten with green fresh beans. The edamame is rich in nutrients and delicious, rich in protein, fat and various amino acids. It also contains a variety of vitamins and inorganic salts. At present, the export and domestic sales of soybeans are very popular. The edulis is a mild-day short-day crop with a seed germination temperature of 10 to 11 ° C and a suitable temperature of 20 to 22 ° C. The suitable temperature for plant growth and flowering is 20 to 25 ° C.

When the temperature is lower than 14 ° C, the plants cannot flower. Most varieties can promote flowering and inhibit growth under light for 12 hours, but different varieties have different responses to short-day sunshine, which can be divided into short-day weak, medium- and strong-type. The limited growth type and the early-maturing varieties planted in the south have strict requirements on the length of sunshine, and can be flowered and podded in spring, summer and autumn. It is a bean with a dense flower, a large grain, a sweet taste, and a disease-resistant insect.

Choosing a good variety for planting edamame requires selection of varieties that are precocious and branched. The southern species are generally limited growth types and early-maturing varieties, and the requirements for illumination are not strict; the north is generally an infinite growth type, a late-maturing variety. Therefore, the northern species move southward, often in advance, and the southern species move northward, often flourishing and delaying flowering.

Special attention should be paid when selecting seeds. Soybean production can be sown in spring, summer and autumn. Generally, spring sowing can be planted in seedlings or live broadcast in 2-3 months, summer seasoning from April to June, and autumn sowing in August. For different seasons, light and light conditions are selected. Early, middle and late varieties, especially the response of the variety to the length of light.

1. Cultivation season The sowing date of edamame varies with cultivation purposes and varieties. The Yangtze River Basin can be divided into early edamame and mid-late edamame, while early edamame has early maturing and common cultivation.

(l) Early maturing cultivation From late February to early March, cold bed seedlings are generally applied, planted in late March, and tender pods are harvested in June and July, using April white and May white, and the use of live in mid-April in April. Moon white or May.

(2) Mid-late ripening and cultivation in summer, the mature crops are broadcast live from late April to mid-May, and harvested from July to August, using June white or June yellow. In the autumn, late ripening cultivation is broadcast live in June-July, and harvested in late September-October. Autumn harvesting in South China can be postponed until July-August, and harvested from September to November. Such as August white and Hangzhou spiced edamame.

In the southern region, according to the characteristics of different varieties, the early, middle and late varieties can be used to match each other, and the production in spring, summer and autumn can be realized to extend the supply period. In order to make the soybeans supply to the market in a timely manner, it is necessary to plant seeds in batches in batches, harvest them in batches, and improve economic benefits. As for the batches, the interval between sowings is long, depending on the planting area, product launch volume, market sales dynamics, and production and marketing capabilities, and scientific arrangement.

2, the whole land of Maodou avoids continuous cropping, as the saying goes, "the bean field is adjusted year by year, and the bean seed is good every year." Explain the importance of bean rotation, which generally requires 2-3 years of rotation. Choose a deep, fertile, well-drained plot of soil. In the first year of winter, the paddy field was deep-turned and whitened in advance. The base fertilizer was applied to the ground for 10 days before sowing, and 1000-1500 kg of perishable pigs and 100-150 kg of commercial organic fertilizer and 25 kg of superphosphate were applied per mu.

As a deep trench sorghum, the whole sputum with a groove width of 1.1-1.2m. The density of soybeans varies according to variety, cultivation season, soil fertility and farming conditions, and the spacing of the rows varies according to the variety. 2-3 strains per early maturity, 25000-30000 per mu, and 2-3 strains after mid-maturing, 18,000-20,000 per acre; 2-3 strains of late-maturing seedlings, 15000-17000 per acre The strain is suitable.

Shanghai, Nanjing and other places have adopted dense planting (wide line dense planting method), early maturing varieties line spacing 25-27 cm, plant spacing 6-10 cm, 25,000-35000 plants per mu; middle and late maturing varieties line spacing 33-40 cm, plant spacing 6-10 Cm, 16,000-30000 plants per mu, reasonable close planting is to ensure more plants per unit area and reasonable leaf area coefficient, the general leaf area coefficient is required to be around 5-7, such as poor light conditions in the underlying plants, yellow leaves More, falling flowers and pods;

The leaf area coefficient is too small to fully utilize the light energy, and the photosynthetic amount of the whole field is reduced, and the flowering and pod yield is not achieved. After sowing, cover the soil in time, pay attention to proper shallow sowing, because the edamame seeds are large and the top soil is poor, so the thickness of the covering soil is about 2cm. Pay attention to ensure the whole seedling, check the lack of seedlings in time after 4-5 days of unearthing, and timely replenish the seeding to ensure the seedlings and Miaozhuang.

To apply enough base fertilizer, it is necessary to get rid of edamame, which is a legume crop, which can be misapplied with less fertilization or no fertilization. In fact, when the demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in edamame is still a large drug, please do not repeat spraying to prevent phytotoxicity. . Calcium is one of the indispensable elements in the growth and development of edamame. Therefore, 25-30 kg of lime should be applied to the acid soil to increase the disease resistance rate, pod formation rate, seed setting rate and grain weight.

Edamame requires a large amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Therefore, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer has a significant effect on the yield increase of edamame. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are generally based on base fertilizers, supplemented by top dressing. The amount of base fertilizer should be determined according to the soil fertility, and the growth should be timely and topdressed during the growth period. At the seedling stage, rhizobium has not yet formed, and 10% of human excrement can be applied once; if it grows poorly before flowering, 10-20% of human excrement can be applied 2-3 times, or 0.3-0.5% urea can be applied.

Appropriate topdressing can increase production and improve quality. When there is potassium deficiency, leaf surface topdressing can be used. Edamame is a bean crop that requires more water. The requirements for moisture vary depending on the growth period. When planting, the water is sufficient, the germination is fast, the emergence is quick and uniform, and the seedlings grow vigorously; however, if the water is too much, it will be rotten.

In mid-April, when the temperature is stable above 18 degrees, the cultivation of the protected area should be carried out, and the cover film should be removed, and the soil should be irrigated according to the dry and wet conditions to ensure the water needs of the growth and development of the soybean. In the pre-fertility and flowering pods, the soil should not be too dry or too wet, otherwise it will affect the flower bud differentiation, resulting in reduced flowering and flower pods falling off.

3, topping the top of the edamame growing flowers in the late growth often can not mature in time, timely topping can control the stems and leaves over the long jump, reduce the falling flowers, pods. Make the pods mature, premature, increase yield by 5-10%, and improve the quality. In the seasons and regions with more rain, the effect of topping on the growing late-maturing varieties is more significant. In the later stage, the topping of the main stem is about 1-2 cm, which promotes the increase of stem branching and pod formation.

Top dressing and spraying paclobutrazol have a good effect on increasing pod yield and yield. The root dressing is carried out at the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage, and the ammonium molybdate and urea are mainly sprayed, and the concentration should not exceed 0.3%. Paclobutrazol was sprayed once at the initial flowering stage at a concentration of 250 mg/kg.

4, before inoculation of Rhizobium edamame sowing, artificially put a good rhizobium agent on the seed, after sowing can grow a large number of nodules on the roots of the plant, promote plant growth, planting pods and high yield, generally can increase production More than 5-10% is an effective measure to increase production. If the soil lacks nitrogen fertilizer or has not been planted in the past, the effect of inoculation is more significant. There are three methods of inoculation:

1 Soil inoculation method, remove the topsoil from the well-grown field of Rhizobium edulis, and sprinkle it in the field where the edamame is prepared, and the amount of soil per acre is about 150-250 kg.

Inoculation of 2 rumen agents, using excellent cultures of artificial culture, the dosage of rhizobial agents can be adjusted according to the instructions, firstly use the same amount of water to open, then pour the seeds into the barrel, mix well to make the bacteria adhere to the seeds. The epidermis can be sown, the rhizobium is afraid of light, afraid of heat, and it is afraid of dampness. Avoid direct sun drying or excessive drying of seeds before sowing. It is best to follow the mix with the planting, with the cover, after the sowing, the field soil is properly moistened.

3 Inoculation with plant root nodules, in the autumn, the plants with good root nodule growth in the field were selected, rooted up, the soil was removed, dried at 20-25 ° C, then ground and ground by hand grinding, and per acre in spring sowing. 150-200 grams of rhizobium agent and seeds are mixed and sown.

5, pest control (1) edamame main pests: The main pests are Spodoptera litura, beet armyworm, aphids, thrips, whitefly and pea pods. (2) The main diseases of edamame: there are blight, rust, anthrax and so on.

6. Harvested early-maturing varieties generally grab the morning market, that is, after entering the drum-grain period, they can be harvested one after another, and they can be sold at a good price, but it is not too early, otherwise the beans are small, the commodity is poor, and the output is low, but it is reduced. Economic benefits. It can also be harvested 2-3 times during harvesting, which can increase production and increase efficiency.

Main obstacles affecting the yield and quality of fresh pea pods and their countermeasures

The edamame is also called yam bean. Because of the short growth cycle of edamame, it can be planted for two seasons a year. The output value is higher, generally 500-600kg. In the good price year, the net profit can reach 800-1200 yuan, and the economic benefits are remarkable. One of the vegetables for exporting foreign exchange.

The export of edamame fresh pods has strict requirements on quality and appearance. Generally, the pods are fresh green, uniform in color, full of pods, more than 5cm long, no disease spots, no insects, no mechanical damage, no cracked pods, no odor, and the pods are intact. Only 2 beans per pod can be exported.

However, in the production practice, due to improper cultivation of soybean farmers and many unfavorable factors, the production of edamame often fails to meet the expected target, and also reduces the qualified rate of fresh pods, thereby reducing economic benefits, weakening the ability of foreign exchange earning by exports, and damaging beans. The enthusiasm of farmers. After years of investigation and research in Defeng, Chang'an, Hualong, Wolong and other places, the reasons for this were initially identified and several countermeasures were proposed.

First, the main obstacles

1. The growth period of short edamame spring sowing is 100-105 days, and autumn is 90-95 days. Generally, the flowering result is 35 to 40 days after sowing, and fresh pods are collected from 70 to 80 days. Due to the short growth period (especially in autumn), the lack of nutrient accumulation, if the base fertilizer is insufficient, the previous management did not keep up, it will result in small pods, low yield, and it is difficult to reach the requirement of pod length more than 5cm.

2. Natural factors

(1) If the soil is too moist during the sowing of the edamame, the edamame will absorb too much water due to the thin seed coat, causing rotten buds; the field is too wet during the seedling stage, which will make the edamame plant grow long; the flowering period and the pod-forming period will be stained with water, Excessive humidity causes the flowers to fall. The sowing date of spring edamame is in late March, which coincides with the spring rain. The sowing date of autumn edamame is in early August, and it is mostly typhoon and rain.

As a result, water is accumulated in the field, causing rotten buds, lack of sputum, and the number of effective plants per unit area is reduced. The peas grow to form tall seedlings and weak seedlings; The flowering period and pod-forming period of spring edamame are more serious in the rainy season. These directly affect the production of edamame.

(2) During the dry pod-forming period and the fruit pod expansion period, the water demand is large. If water is scarce, it will cause more empty grains. In particular, the autumn soybean bean pods are inflated, at the end of autumn, drought and little rain, coupled with the aging and disrepair of water conservancy facilities, the field often lacks water, and there are many empty pods, which affects the yield and quality of edamame.

(3) Temperature During the growth of edamame (especially autumn edamame), it is often encountered at a suitable temperature (24 to 30 ° C) that causes early flowering, and early flowering causes insufficient nutrient accumulation and low pod yield.

(4) Diseases and rodents encounter birds and rodents during sowing, feeding on the edamame seeds that have just been sown, or feeding on the cotyledons that have just emerged and breaking the first pair of true leaves, resulting in a decrease in the number of effective plants per unit area, affecting yield. The damage of pests such as gray mold and pea pods directly affects the appearance quality of edamame and the pass rate is reduced.

3. Human factors are excessively diluted, the number of plants per unit area is insufficient, and the output is not high. Insufficient fertility, many soybean farmers cultivate edamame according to the standard of cultivation of common soybeans, the lack of basic fertilizer, improper management, resulting in small pods affecting yield and degraded color in the later period. Late harvesting color deteriorates yellow, or improper picking causes stalks and cracked pods. After the harvest, it was not sent to the acquisition station in time. The stacking resulted in yellowing, mildew and odor, resulting in low pass rate.

Second, the main countermeasures

1. Sowing at the right time, properly planting so that the peas emerge early and the whole seedlings.

2. Scientific management of water, drainage and drought control, convenient drainage and irrigation, good soil fertility, loose and neutral soil, and good drainage of loam. When the whole hoe is shovel, it should be 15 to 20 cm deep, and the groove should be 25 to 35 cm deep, so as to prevent sputum.

For sowing, choose a sunny day, dig a little shallower, cover it with sandy soil to prevent rainwater from immersing, causing rotten buds. After sowing, it is generally not watered. The spring sowing temperature is low and the humidity is high, and it is easy to rot, so it is advisable to cover the waterproof insulation with the mulch film. The amount of water required during the seedling period is small, and it is better to use moisture as the guardian. Keep the soil moist during the flowering and pod-forming periods to ensure water supply. It is also necessary to prevent waterlogging, humidity is too large, in case of heavy rain should clear the ditch drainage; prevent falling flowers and disease.

3. Rational fertilization, applying enough base fertilizer

4. Actively control pests, rats, and birds

(1) Reasonable rotation of edamame avoidable cropping, which can be rotated with white or other non-legume crops.

(2) Soil seed disinfection should be carried out before seeding and disinfection. Because the local soil is acidic, 40 to 50 kg of lime can be applied to prevent soil-borne diseases and neutralize soil acidity.

(3) Strengthen field inspections, timely control of pests and diseases of leaf-eating pests, such as ladybugs, tigers, crickets, etc. (4) Controlling rats and birds, using bamboo sticks tied with colored cloth strips to be inserted in the bean fields or scared away by scarecrows.

5. Timely harvesting is to ensure the appearance of the pods, the quality is delicious, and the export requirements are attached. 80% of the beans are harvested in real time, that is, the soybean pods are 7 to 8 mature, the appearance is bright green, and the beans can be harvested when they are fresh. Too late to harvest will make the color of the edamame degenerate and yellow, affecting the appearance.

It should be harvested in the morning when the dew is not dry. Pay attention to the harvest together with the pod handle. After the harvest, quickly remove the lesions, insects, mechanical injuries, stalks, split pods and single pods, and send the qualified products to the acquisition station in time. Can not accumulate overnight, so as not to affect the quality and color.

Spray paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol can promote plant dwarfing and improve plant type, which can make the stem thicker, the petiole becomes shorter and thicker, the angle between the petiole and the main stem becomes smaller, improves the ventilation and light transmission between the plants, increases the number of green leaves and delays the senescence of the leaves. It promotes root growth and increases the number of nodules, which is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients. It is also beneficial to increase photosynthetic products, promote the growth of effective branches of main stems, and increase the number of pods per plant. The method of spraying is: spraying the pilozoate at a concentration of 2 ppm per acre of leaves from the initial flowering stage to the full flowering stage.

Two methods of increasing soybean production

Artificial topping or spraying foliar fertilizer can increase the yield of soybeans by about 10%. Manual picking: When the top buds are removed by 2-3 cm during the full bloom period, the bean plants can be prevented from growing up, and the nutrients produced by photosynthesis can be transported to the pods, increasing the weight of the pods and increasing the yield. Spraying foliar fertilizer: In the middle and late growth stages of edamame, 150-200 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 25 g of ammonium molybdate are used in the mu, and the leaf surface is sprayed on 75 kg of water, which can increase the pod formation rate and grain weight.

In the late stage of Kaihua, the use of 60-100PPM of ammonium bisulfate solution 75-100 kg spray 2-3 times, can inhibit light breathing, reduce the nutrient consumption of edamame, and increase the yield of edamame.

The seedlings of the seedlings are extracted from the heart, and the "double main branches" can be produced, so that the nutrients are concentrated on the main branches, the stems are thick and the leaves are thick, and the accumulation of dry matter is increased. The method is: after the formation of two true leaves, the whole growth point compound leaves are all removed.

Storage of edamame

Optimum storage temperature: 0 °C Relative humidity: 95% RH or more Bean pods are extremely yellowing after harvesting, and must be immediately pre-cooled to slow yellowing. Therefore, it is very important to use the edamame directly to pre-cool the work. After harvesting, the product temperature should be rapidly reduced by water-cooled or crushed ice pre-cooling (below 5 °C), and then stored at a low temperature of 5 °C to maintain the fresh edge of the soybean pod for 2 days. If the temperature can be reduced to near 0 °C, the storage period can be extended.

When the pea pods continue to be stored, the pods will gradually turn yellow, the hairs on the pods will fall off easily, and the direct utilization will be reduced, but the beans are still highly utilized after the pods are removed. The edamame pods can be stored for about 2-4 days at room temperature, and can be stored for 10 days, 15 days, and one month at 15, 10, 5, and 0 °C (the yellowing of the pods for 6 days) and one and a half months (the pods begin to yellow for 10 days). ), the edamame is still available.

The edamame is also extremely resistant to storage, and the storage temperature must be close to 0 °C for better storage. After storing the soybeans, the beans are easily exposed to the macula and stored below 5 °C. The condition can be greatly improved. However, after about one week of storage, the germ eye turned black and the quality was slightly worse.

Comparing the storage of edamame pods and edamame kernels, it is obvious that the edamame kernel is very resistant. Therefore, if you want to use the soybean kernel, calculate the market turnover time, peel the shell three or four days ago, and store the beans in a small package at a low temperature (below 5 °C), then the utilization period after harvesting can be extended.

The sowing date of edamame has great flexibility due to different varieties. It can be used for spring sowing and summer harvesting, and it is one of the crops that farmers like to grow. However, some farmers are the first to choose edamame, and they have doubts about fertilization. I don’t know what fertilizer to use, and I don’t know how to apply it best. Some of their doubts are now answered as follows:

Can edamame not apply or use less fertilizer?

Although edamame is a legume crop, rhizobium can fix nitrogen in the air, but its fixed nitrogen nutrient is limited, and lack of nutrients has an adverse effect on the growth and development of edamame. Insufficient nitrogen, poor plant growth, thin growth, small seedling yellow, large loss of flower pods; such as phosphorus deficiency, number of branches, number of nodes, and number of flowering are reduced; if soil is deficient in potassium, when soybeans are about 30 cm in height, It will start to yellow from the top leaves, and gradually spread to the base leaves, the leaves will be burnt off, and the whole plant will not be harvested. Therefore, fertilizer must be added.

What are the characteristics of edamame? Fertilizer is a vegetable crop with high protein and fat content. It requires a lot of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as medium and trace elements. Rational application of nitrogen fertilizer can increase grain protein content, increase yield and improve quality. Phosphate application can promote the growth and development of nodule and increase the number of flower bud differentiation. Potassium fertilizer can promote the synthesis of photosynthesis and carbohydrates, and improve disease resistance and lodging resistance.

The growth period of edamame is divided into seedling stage, branching stage, flowering stage, pod-forming stage and drum granule maturity. The demand for nitrogen and phosphorus is less in the early stage, more in the medium term, and less in the later period. The demand for potassium is 80% or more from the middle to the early stage to the flowering stage, and is declining in the later stage. Scientific fertilization can only be achieved after understanding these characteristics.

What are the principles of edamame fertilization?

The principle of fertilizing edamame should be based on organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, combined with organic and inorganic, control of nitrogen fertilizer, application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and application of micro-fertilizer. The step of fertilizing is to apply enough base fertilizer, timely topdressing, and flexible application of foliar fertilizer. Base fertilizer, about 4,000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure, or 75-100 kg of bio-organic fertilizer, or 50-75 kg of bio-organic compound fertilizer, 25-30 kg of superphosphate, and 10 kg of potash.

The edamame field generally does not require topdressing during the seedling stage, but the soil with poor soil fertility, insufficient base fertilizer, weak seedlings and less rhizobial strains should be 3 to 4 kg per mu and 15 kg of superphosphate after 10 to 15 days of emergence. Potassium sulfate 5 kg. During the flowering and pod-forming period, 5 to 10 kg of urea per acre and 6 to 8 kg of potassium sulfate.

In the flower pod stage, 1% urea and 1% to 2% calcium superphosphate mixture may be sprayed according to the soybean growth surface, or 0.05 to 0.1% ammonium molybdate or 0.1% to 0.2% speed may be sprayed. Le Bor 1~2 times.

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