In recent years, the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology has significantly improved the efficiency of chemical fertilizer use, with utilization rates increasing by 5% to 10%, and in some cases even reaching over 20%. This technique not only enhances fertilizer efficiency and ensures stable or increased crop yields but also improves the quality of agricultural products. It is a crucial method for boosting production, saving on fertilizer costs, and reducing overall expenses. However, many people tend to overlook the proper use of fertilizing machinery when implementing formula fertilization. The rational application of such equipment can further boost fertilizer efficiency by an additional 10% to 15%.
Formula fertilization involves first analyzing the soil's nutrient content, then determining the appropriate fertilizer mix based on the specific needs of the crops, and finally applying the nutrients in a balanced manner. Soil samples are collected to measure various nutrient levels, and the amount of fertilizer required is calculated by considering the difference between the nutrient requirements of different crops and the existing fertility of the soil.
The formula for calculating fertilizer dosage is as follows:
**(Required nutrient amount - Soil nutrient content - Organic fertilizer nutrient contribution) / (Chemical fertilizer nutrient concentration × Fertilizer utilization rate)**
Crop-specific nutrient requirements are determined based on local soil conditions and the nutrient content of organic fertilizers, which typically range from 20% to 30%. For chemical fertilizers, nitrogen and potassium have utilization rates of 50% to 70%, while phosphate fertilizers have lower rates, around 20% to 40%. Organic fertilizer utilization ranges from 15% to 30%, while nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers have utilization rates of 40%–50%, 15%–25%, and 50%–60%, respectively. In addition to soil and crop data, factors like yield expectations, fertilizer quality, and application timing should also be considered when determining the right amount of fertilizer to apply.
Once the type, quantity, and timing of fertilizer application are decided, the choice of fertilizing machinery should align with the characteristics of the fertilizer. For example, solid fertilizer application machines allow precise placement of fertilizer below the root zone, with adjustable depth and dosage. These devices help reduce waste, which is often as high as 50% with traditional methods. Manual application, such as placing fertilizer in furrows, is labor-intensive and can damage plants, making it less efficient.
Another method is foliar fertilization, where nutrients are sprayed directly onto plant leaves. This approach is simple, fast, and effective in enhancing photosynthesis and enzyme activity. It improves the root environment, promotes root development, and boosts overall plant metabolism. Although it doesn't replace soil fertilization, it complements it well, ensuring timely nutrient supply and minimizing soil loss or fixation. Foliar sprays can also be used for pesticide application, provided there is no chemical reaction between the two.
A third method combines irrigation with fertilization, known as drip fertigation. This system allows for precise control of water and fertilizer distribution, improving both efficiency and safety. It helps reduce humidity in greenhouses, preventing disease spread. Common devices used in this system include differential pressure tanks, open fertilizer tanks, venturi injectors, and injection pumps. Each has its own advantages and limitations, such as cost, ease of use, and control over fertilizer concentration.
In conclusion, the selection and proper use of fertilizing machinery play a vital role in advancing formula fertilization technology. Choosing the right equipment based on fertilizer type, crop needs, and environmental factors is essential for maximizing the effectiveness of this technique. With careful planning and correct application, formula fertilization can lead to more sustainable and productive farming practices.
Author: Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Vocational and Technical College
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