How to increase urea utilization
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Urea is a widely used nitrogen fertilizer, containing 46% nitrogen, and is considered one of the highest quality options in agricultural practices. However, when applied to the soil, only about 45-50% of the nitrogen is effectively utilized by crops. This raises an important question: how can we improve the efficiency of urea application?
One effective method is deep placement. Whether used as a base fertilizer or as a top dressing, urea should be incorporated into the soil at a depth of 10-12 cm. Studies have shown that shallow applications—such as placing it just 2-3 cm below the surface—result in a utilization rate as low as 30%. At a depth of 5 cm, the rate increases to 45%, while applying it at 10-20 cm can boost the efficiency to as high as 65%. Deep application reduces losses due to volatilization and leaching, making it a more sustainable choice.
Another key factor is timing. Urea is classified as an ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, meaning it cannot be directly taken up by plants after being applied. It needs to be converted into ammonium nitrogen through the action of the enzyme urease in the soil. Applying urea too late in the growing season not only limits its effectiveness but may also lead to excessive vegetative growth, delaying maturity and reducing yield potential.
Foliar application is another highly efficient technique. Due to its small molecular size, urea is easily absorbed through plant leaves, making it ideal for foliar feeding. This method offers quick nutrient uptake, avoids soil-related limitations, and ensures higher efficiency compared to traditional soil applications. It’s especially beneficial in situations where root absorption is hindered—such as in poor soils, during droughts, or under extreme pH conditions. Foliar sprays can also help meet the nitrogen demands of crops during later growth stages when root activity declines.
Finally, combining urea with other fertilizers enhances overall nutrient availability. Mixing urea with organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients helps maintain soil fertility and promotes balanced nutrition. This approach not only improves the efficiency of each nutrient but also supports long-term soil health and increased crop productivity.
By adopting these strategies—deep application, timely use, foliar spraying, and integrated fertilization—farmers can significantly enhance the performance of urea and achieve better yields while minimizing environmental impact.