Four critical periods of stingray farming
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Stingray Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson), commonly known as the crucian carp, Huang Lading, or yellow fin fish, is a species with remarkable temperature adaptability. This fish is widely distributed and has a high yield, tender flesh, few bones, rich fat content, and a delicious flavor, making it highly nutritious and popular in both domestic and international markets. However, large-sized fresh fish are in short supply, especially in natural waters where stingrays grow slowly and reach smaller market sizes, which has limited market growth. In recent years, stingray farming has gained momentum across the country, yielding positive results. There are four key stages in stingray breeding, and here’s a detailed summary:
**First, Broodstock Cultivation Period**
Broodstock should be selected from healthy, robust individuals over two years old, with males measuring over 14.8 cm and females over 11.7 cm. The male-to-female ratio should be 1:1.5. The best time to collect broodstock is during winter of the previous year. After collection, they should be sterilized in 2-3% saline for 10-15 minutes and placed in a dedicated pond. The pond should be more than 2 mu in size, with a depth of about 1.5 meters. A flat bottom, good water quality, and transparency of around 30 cm are essential. Aquatic plants like acacia and black-leaf algae can be planted to provide food and habitat. Small fish, shrimp, snails, and oysters can be fed, along with salmon feed. Water flushing every 2-3 days helps promote gonad development.
**Second, Fry Cultivation Period**
Fry are raised in breeding ponds for 20-30 days, reaching a size of 2-3 cm. The pond area should be 1-2 mu, with a depth of about 1 meter and pH between 7-8. Water must be thoroughly sterilized. In the early stages, rotifers, larvae, or small clam shells are ideal food sources. Manure should be applied at 150-300 kg/mu before stocking. Once fry reach 0.9-1.0 cm, small amounts of commercial feed can be introduced, twice daily. The feeding amount should be 3-5% of their total weight.
**Third, Fingerling Breeding Period**
Fingerlings are raised to 5-6 cm in length. Ponds should be 2 mu or larger, with adequate water flow and good water quality. Stocking density is around 10-15 per square meter. Feeding should be done 2-3 times daily, with 5% of body weight being the daily feeding amount. Feed should contain over 40% crude protein. Regular water changes, proper fertilization, and oxygenation via aerators are essential. Disinfection of feeding areas every two weeks and the use of antibiotics in feed can help maintain survival rates.
**Fourth, Adult Fish Cultivation Period**
Ponds should be 2-5 mu, with sufficient water sources and clean water. The bottom should be flat, with a depth of 1.5-2.0 meters. Before stocking, ponds must be disinfected using lime or bleach. Organic manure is added to stimulate zooplankton growth. Fingerlings of about 30 g each are stocked at a density of 1,500 per mu, with some smaller fish also introduced. Feeding includes live bait like small fish, shrimp, and plant-based feeds. Protein levels should be 35-45% initially, decreasing to 30% later. Water quality is maintained through regular exchanges and disinfection. Disease prevention involves careful monitoring, avoiding harmful drugs, and using prophylactic treatments like oxytetracycline and traditional Chinese herbs.
In addition to pond culture, cage farming is also practiced. Cages made of polyethylene nets (2-3 cm mesh) are used, placed in clear, well-oxygenated water. Stocking occurs before the Spring Festival, with fingerlings soaked in saltwater before being placed in cages. Feeding is done 2-3 times daily, with 3-5% of body weight as the daily ration. Regular maintenance, including cleaning and checking for damage, ensures optimal conditions. Cage-raised stingrays are typically sold starting in August.
Overall, stingray farming has become an important aquaculture activity, offering economic benefits and meeting growing market demands. With proper management and attention to water quality and nutrition, this species can thrive in both pond and cage environments.