Rice smut

The symptoms are also known as pseudo-head smut, green smut, grain flower disease, and powdery mildew, commonly known as "high yield fruit." The disease only occurs in the panicle and damages part of the grain. The mycelia formed in the damaged grain gradually enlarges, and the inside and outside of the mycelium begin to split, exposing pale yellow lumps, ie sporozoites, and then they are wrapped on both sides of the inner and outer rims. They appear dark green and are initially covered with a thin film and then broken and scattered. The dark green powder, that is, the chlamydospore of the pathogen, some of the black flat sclerotia on both sides, wind and rain easily fall off. Hebei, Yangtze River basin and rice fields in the southern provinces occur from time to time.

The pathogen Ustilaginoidea oryzae (Patou.) Bref=U.virens (Cooke) Tak. Conidia sp. 6-124-6 (μm), greenish-black on the surface, orange-yellow, white centered. Conidiophore stalk diameter 2-2.5 (μm). Conidiophore cells are thick-walled, with knobs on the surface, nearly spherical, 4-5 (μm) in size. The sclerotium is born from the conidiophore, long oval, 2-20mm long, germinates on the surface of the earth to produce a sub-seat, orange-yellow, the head is nearly spherical, the size is 1-3mm, there is a long handle, the head is surrounded by the shell of the child's capsule, Ascospora capsules, colorless ascaria, cylindrical, size 180-22μm,

Ascospores are colorless, unit cells, linear, and have a size of 120-1800.5-1 (?!m). The chlamydospores are dark green, spherical, with knobs on the surface, size 3-54-6 (m). The sexual state is Claviceps virens Sakurai is called rice ergot, belonging to Ascomycete subphylum fungi.

Transmission routes and pathogenic conditions The pathogens are overwintering with chlamydospores that have fallen into the soil sclerotia or attached to the seeds. The sclerotia of the next year produces chlamydospores, which are initially infested by regenerated spores and ascospores of chlamydospore. The temperature of 24-32 °C germs developed well, 26-28 °C is the best, less than 12 °C or higher than 36 °C can not grow, the period of rice smut infection some scholars believe that in the booting to flowering stage of rice is the main, Some people believe that chlamydospore germination invade the young buds, invade the plant with the growth of plant damage, resulting in the formation of rice kernels. Raining and low temperatures during heading and flowering are more serious. Heading early varieties of lighter incidence. Excessive nitrogen application or excessive panicle weight aggravated the disease. Repeated plots were seriously affected.

Control methods (1) Selection of disease-resistant varieties, such as Guang II 104, 271, Youyou 36, Yangdao No. 3, No. 40 and so on in the southern rice area. There are Jingdao No.1, Shennong 514, Fengjin and Liaojing No. 10 in the northern rice area. (2) Avoid seeding in sick fields and deep plowing to bury sclerotia. Remove and destroy diseased grains at the time of onset. (3) To improve fertilization techniques, base fertilizer should be sufficient, panicle fertilizer should be used with caution, and formula fertilization should be used. Shallow water ground irrigation, late see dry see wet. (4) Chemical control. Soaking with 2% formalin or 0.5% copper sulphate for 3-5 hours followed by boring for 12 hours, flushing the prime with water. Before heading, use 50-200g of 18% meloxanone powder or 150-200g of rice powder at the end of booting stage, and use 14% of colostrum water solution 250g of rice Fenglingling or 200g of 5% Jinggangmycin in 667m2 of rice at the end of booting stage to spray 50L of water. When applied, tricyclazole or carbendazim and cockroach can be added. The time of application of colostrum was advanced to 10 days before heading, and it was easy to cause the glume to become brown due to the partial exposure of the ear during the break period, and the efficacy was decreased at the end of the booting period. In addition, 50% DT wettable powder 100-150g, 60-75L of water can be used for prevention and control in the booting and heading stages with good results. 40% can also be used dry WP, 60-75g per 667m2 medication, 60L of water can also treat rice leaf blight, cloud-shaped disease, sheath blight and so on.

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