The Necessity of Applying Potassium Fertilizer in Rice and the Selectivity of Potassium Fertilizer
In its lifetime growth and development, rice needs 17 essential mineral elements, which are nitrogen N, phosphorus P, potassium K, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, sulfur S, iron Fe, copper Cu, and boron B. Zinc Zn, manganese Mn, molybdenum Mo, chlorine Cl, nickel Ni plus carbon C, hydrogen H, and oxygen O obtained from air and water. The so-called essential elements are the essential elements in the growth and development of crops. They are indispensable, irreplaceable and direct functional. According to the demand of these elements for crops, they are divided into three categories, namely, a large number of elements C, H, O, N, P, K6 species, the amount of elements in the Ca, Mg, S3 and trace elements Fe, B, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cl, Ni species. Among a large number of elements, C, H, and O crops can be ingested in the air and in water, and they do not need to be supplied by fertilizers. The N, P, and K crops need more, and they account for about 0.01 to 100 of dry matter in the crop. %, not only can not get from the air and water and the soil is also relatively lacking, so people need to use fertilizer to supplement, so N, P, K, also known as fertilizer "three elements." However, in agricultural practice, people only attach importance to nitrogen fertilizer such as Shida urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium nitrate, calcium superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate, phosphate rock phosphate fertilizer, etc. Or no potassium fertilizer. Heavy N and P light potassium fertilizer is an extremely common and common phenomenon in rice fields. Many peasants and farmers who have even engaged in farming for many years have two misunderstandings. One is that the application of potash fertilizer is not related to the overall situation. It does not matter the overall situation. Potash fertilizer is applied, and the changes and effects of crops are not seen. The effect of potassium is not believed to be significant. , Dispensable; Second, even if the crop needs potassium fertilizer, in the application of 15:15:15 compound fertilizer also meets the needs of N, P, K. In fact, potassium fertilizer in compound fertilizers can not meet the requirements of crops, especially rice, which require large amounts of potassium. Indeed, after the application of potash fertilizer, it is not as immediate as nitrogen fertilizer. A few days later, the leaves are green, the stalks grow, and the white root grows. The crop plants change significantly. The application of potash fertilizer to crops has unobservable potential functions and recessive effects, especially for rice, which is firstly demonstrated by the thick and strong plant stems, and lodging resistance; followed by drought resistance, enhanced cold resistance, and the ability of the leaves to lose water; The third is that potash fertilizer can enhance the immunity of crops to improve its resistance to diseases, pests and diseases, resistance to adverse conditions, ability to resist adverse environmental conditions, reduce the invasion of pests and diseases; fourth potassium can promote the formation of proteins, when potassium is sufficient, the formation of protein More so that soluble nitrogen is reduced. The distribution of potassium and protein in the crop body is consistent, for example, in the protein-rich parts such as growth points and forming layers, the content of potassium ions is also high; the fifth potassium is also related to the synthesis of sugars, when there is sufficient potassium, sucrose, Higher levels of starch, cellulose, and lignin, less accumulation of glucose, potassium can promote the transport of sugars to storage organs; sixth, potassium can act as an activator of more than 60 enzymes in cells, it is in carbohydrates Metabolism, respiration and protein metabolism play an important role. If the rice field lacks potassium, the stalks of the rice plants are weak and susceptible to lodging. The drought resistance and cold resistance are reduced. The leaves lose water, protein and chlorophyll are destroyed, and the leaf color turns yellow and gradually necrosates. The pests are also heavier; the leaves are also heavy; Green scorch, leaf rust spots, slow growth, there is a phenomenon of frozen seedlings. As the middle part of the leaf grows faster, a cup-shaped curve or shrinkage occurs throughout the leaf. Potassium is also an easily mobile element that can be reused, so the potassium deficiency condition first appears in the lower old leaf. Therefore, potassium fertilizer is not dispensable, but it is very necessary. Potash must be added separately and cannot be ignored. Since the effects of potash fertilizer are various, how can potassium fertilizers be applied to paddy fields and what kind of potash fertilizers should be better? Potassium fertilizers currently available on the market include potassium chloride KCl, potassium sulfate K2SO4, potassium magnesium fertilizer (K2SO4>; MgSO4• NaCl), potassium carbonate K2CO3 (also known as potash, which is the main form of potassium in plant ash), Kiln fertilizer potassium fertilizer (K2SO4• KCl• K2O3• K2SiO3• KAlO3), potassium-calcium fertilizer (K2O• CaO), silicon magnesium-potash fertilizer, and 34% compound fertilizer with 34.6% K2O Potassium (KH2PO4). Commonly used is potassium chloride and potassium sulfate. The former contains 63.17% of potassium oxide, and the latter contains 54.06% of potassium oxide. What kind of potash is good for using commercial potassium fertilizer in paddy fields? Careful and serious choices should be made to maximize the benefits of rice production in rice fields. A large number of practices have proved that potassium fertilizer is better than potassium sulfate in rice fields, especially potassium chloride in continuous use in southern rice fields, not only can increase rice seed setting rate, reduce glutinous rice, inhibit sheath blight, bacterium, and prevent freezing. Seedlings, significantly increase rice yield and quality, but also reduce the cost of investment. There are three reasons for this: First, rice is a cereal crop that requires more potassium, but potassium supply capacity in paddy soil is not strong; the potassium content of potassium chloride is 9.11 percentage points higher than that of sulfur-sulfur potassium, and the former is generally 60% that of potassium oxide. The latter is only about 50%. At the same time, potassium chloride is rich in resources, processing is simple, the price is relatively cheap, potassium oxide content is higher than other potassium salts, is currently the world's largest production of potash fertilizer varieties, its production accounted for 95% of potash fertilizer production. It is not only used as potash fertilizer or as a basic fertilizer for compound fertilizers, but also as an intermediate for the production of potassium sulfate and potassium nitrate, both of which are the basic potassium sources. Secondly, among the three elements of fertilizers, crop nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the world's potash reserves are abundant, and it is the most tense among the three-element reserves. The proven reserves of K2O are 8.3 billion tons and the reserves are 17 billion tons. Calculated according to the current world production, the potash reserves can be static for 307 years, and the reserve base can be guaranteed for 630 years. Only natural distribution is highly concentrated. The reserves of Canada, Russia, Belarus, and Germany account for 92% of the world's total reserves. Potash is required for crops all over the world. Therefore, consumer demand is universal and dispersive. This is a monopoly with supply. Great contrasts and contradictions, so the price of potash in the world market is not stable, and it rises, falls, and rises more than it has fallen. The current bullishness has increased from 1,700 yuan/ton last year to 2,000 yuan/ton. China's output of potassium chloride is very low, mainly in Qinghai Salt Lake Potash. Third, rice is a chlorine-tolerant crop, suitable for the application of chlorinated fertilizers. The critical value of chlorine tolerance is high. Even if the chlorine concentration reaches a critical value, it will not affect the yield and quality of rice. Potassium in potassium chloride exists in the form of potassium ions and is a water-soluble potash fertilizer that is easily absorbed by rice. In addition to potassium, potassium chloride also contains 45 to 47% of chlorine. Crops need less chlorine, and excess residues. Chloride ions in the acidic soil will reduce the quality of certain economic crops, while rice is not "resistance to chlorine." There are also concerns in the production that chloride ions will be acidified and the paddy soil will be compacted. In fact, chloride ions are negatively charged and not adsorbed by soil colloids. Moreover, in paddy fields with more rainwater in the south, paddy fields are often soaked in water, and chloride ions will be lost along with water, which will not cause accumulation and lead to soil acidification. From the point of view of nutritional and physiological conditions, when the amount of chlorine absorbed by rice is large, the chloride ions are mainly distributed in the stems and leaves, and the content of chloride ions in rice is relatively low, which can keep the rice content relatively stable, and has little effect on the yield and quality of rice. . However, more chlorine in the rice stalks can shorten the stem sections of the rice and enhance the lodging resistance of rice. Experiments have shown that the application of chlorine-containing fertilizers (such as potassium chloride and ammonium chloride) in paddy fields is better than the application of sulphur fertilizers (such as ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate) to increase fibrosis in the internodes of the rice stalk, which contributes to lodging resistance. Resist pests. Judging from the nutritional and ecological conditions, the paddy field is always in a wet state, and the chloride ion is very active and moves fast. It has a high probability of moving downwards in the rice soil profile and is not easy to accumulate in the soil. Because of its strong activity and mobility, chloride ion can also replace harmful elements in soil and harmful substances in rice, and excrete virus from rice plants in vitro. Therefore, chlorine-containing fertilizers can often be applied to rice fields. Prevention and control of virus-infected, sterile plants and viral diseases caused by insect transmission. The potassium ions in potassium chloride, in addition to plant absorption, the remaining potassium ions can be preserved by the soil for later rice absorption and utilization. If paddy fields are continuously applied with large amounts of potassium sulfate or sulfur-containing fertilizers, sulfate ions will be reduced to hydrogen sulfide and adhered to the roots of rice plants, causing rice poisoning and acidification of soil roots, which will be detrimental to rice roots and nutrient absorption, and will also be reduced. The effective absorption of iron by rice. Because of the above three points, it is better for rice to use potassium fertilizer than potassium sulfate. Potassium chloride is best used as a topdressing fertilizer. During the peak period of rice tillering, 5-6 kg per acre can be applied. The use of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the late booting stage, with 150 grams of water per acre spray 40 kg for foliar fertilizer.
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