Main brands and purchasing guides for peptide synthesizers at home and abroad
First, the basic concept Second, the historical background 2. The birth of a peptide synthesizer 3. Development of peptide synthesizer 4. The status of peptide synthesizer Third, functional research 2. Basic component 3. Control accessories 4. Detection method Fourth, the brand introduction ABI 433 peptide synthesis system AAPPTec AAPPTec 400 peptide synthesizer CS Bio Co. CS936X peptide synthesizer Protein Technologies Inc. (PTI) PTI Tribute Benchtop Peptide Synthesizer 2. Other international solid phase organic synthesis equipment and its suppliers Activo-P14 semi-automatic peptide synthesizer Biotage Biotage peptide synthesizer CEM CEM 12 channel peptide synthesizer Intavis AG (Autospot SL) INTAVIS-AG Automatic Peptide Synthesizer Shimadzu (PSSM-8) PSSM-8 peptide synthesizer ACT 3. Domestic peptide synthesis instrument since the 20th century Hainan Jianbang multi-channel synthesizer PSI V. Patent documents Six, purchase guide 2. The considerations of production enterprises refer to the considerations of purchasing small equipment by scientific research units. For production enterprises, the use of different brands of peptide synthesizers should also consider their coherent and complete equipment production lines, ranging from small synthetic scales to production-scale synthetic scales. Fully equipped. Usually large equipment can be judged according to the size of the reactor. The glass reactor/reactor that can be cut online usually needs 100L, which can guarantee the production of tens of kilograms of peptide products in batches. Seven, academic literature JIANGMEN EASY TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD , https://www.easylife-tech.com
1. A polypeptide is a biologically active substance related to various cellular functions in an organism. Its molecular structure is between amino acids and proteins, and is a compound formed by peptide bonds of a plurality of amino acids in a certain order. .
2. Polypeptide synthesis is a process of repeating the addition of amino acids. The solid phase synthesis sequence is generally synthesized from the C-terminus (carboxy terminus) to the N-terminus (amino terminus). Past peptide synthesis is carried out in solution called liquid phase synthesis. Since Merrifield developed the solid phase peptide synthesis method in 1963, it has been continuously improved and perfected. Today, the solid phase method has become a common technique in the synthesis of peptides and proteins, showing the advantages unmatched by classical liquid phase synthesis. , thus greatly reducing the difficulty of purification of each step of the product. Peptide synthesis is generally divided into two types: solid phase synthesis and liquid phase peptide synthesis.
3. Polypeptide synthesizer
Peptide synthesis is a process in which a resin (synthetic solid phase medium) is used as a carrier to repeatedly add amino acids under certain reaction conditions and chemically react to synthesize a polypeptide. The peptide synthesizer is an instrument for synthesizing a polypeptide. In general, the peptide synthesizer is composed entirely of a main body, a transmission device, a power device, and a software system.
1. The synthesis of peptide synthesis by solid phase synthesis has gone through a glorious course of more than 100 years. In 1902, Emil Fischer first began to pay attention to peptide synthesis. Since there was too little knowledge about peptide synthesis at that time, the progress was quite slow. Until 1932, Max Bergmann et al. began to use benzyloxycarbonyl (Z to protect α-amino, peptide synthesis). Only then began to have a certain development.
In the 1950s, organic chemists synthesized a large number of biologically active peptides, including oxytocin, insulin, etc., and also achieved many achievements in peptide synthesis methods and amino acid protection groups. This is the later solid phase synthesis method. The emergence of the experimental and theoretical basis.
In 1963, Merrifield first proposed the solid phase peptide synthesis method (SPPS). This synthetic method, which is a landmark in the chemistry of peptides, has become a preferred method for peptide synthesis and has brought about peptides because of its convenient and rapid synthesis. A revolution in organic synthesis and became an independent discipline - solid phase organic synthesis (SPOS). Therefore, Merrifield won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Merrifield has repeatedly screened and finally rejected the use of benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) on the solid phase. First, tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) was used to protect the α-amino group and used in solid phase peptide synthesis. At the same time, Merrifield In the late 1960s, the first peptide synthesizer was invented and the first biosynthetic protease, ribonuclease (124 amino acids) was synthesized.
In 1972, Lou Carpino first used 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) to protect the α-amino group, which can be quickly removed under alkaline conditions, can be completely reacted in 10 minutes, and is widely available due to its mild reaction conditions. Various peptide automatic synthesizers based on the two methods of BOC and FMOC have also appeared and developed, and are still being continuously modified and improved. At the same time, solid phase synthetic resins, peptide condensation reagents and amino acid protecting groups, including the amino acid orthogonal protection of synthetic cyclic peptides, have also achieved fruitful results.
Although Merrifield used the self-developed synthetic equipment while inventing the solid phase peptide synthesis science and achieved great success, it did not introduce the peptide synthesizer into the market. In 1970, Beckman 990 Peptide Synthesizer, a fully automated peptide synthesizer developed by Beckman, was used as the first peptide synthesizer for research in the market and was used by laboratories in many universities in the United States.
Almost at the same time, Vega Biotechnologies, Inc. developed two economical peptide synthesizers: Vega's Coupler 1000 and Vega's Coupler 250 (and soon Vega's Coupler 296), which incorporates the online cutting concept of peptide synthesis into the device. All reactors are made of explosion-proof glass to prevent corrosion of TFA. It was called the most economical peptide synthesizer by the peptide chemical industry at the time.
Nowadays, both Beckman and Vega's have stopped the development and manufacture of peptide synthesizers, and turned to more research and development of chemical synthesis, separation and detection technology equipment.
a) The first generation of peptide synthesizers The first generation of peptide synthesizers was represented by Beckman 990 Peptide Synthesizer from Beckman and Vega's 296 Peptide Synthesizer from Vega's Biotechnologies. It was born in the 1970s.
Although with the improvement and development of the production process, the first generation of peptide synthesizers have all withdrawn from the market. However, many peptide chemical literatures before 1990 were developed on this experimental equipment. The first generation of peptide synthesizers has made great significance for the development and manufacture of subsequent synthesizers.
b) Second generation peptide synthesizer
The second-generation peptide synthesizer was represented by the PS3 Peptide Synthesizer from Protein Technologies and the ACT peptide synthesizer Model 90 from Advanced ChemTech, which was born in the 1980s. These two devices are also the earliest peptide synthesizers still on the market.
The design principle of PS3 is to use a nitrogen bubbling reaction method to stir the reactants, that is, the reactor on the synthesizer is fixed, and nitrogen is discharged from the bottom of the reactor through the reactor to the upper part, and the steam generated in the process. The bubble mixes the solid phase with the liquid phase. The advantage of this design is that the structure is simple and the cost is low, but the reaction is relatively mild: 1) Sometimes the polypeptide-solid phase carrier will "cluster" under the action of static electricity, so that it cannot be fully mixed with the liquid phase, in this case, it needs to be adjusted. High nitrogen pressure to eliminate static electricity; and immediately after the elimination of static electricity, the pressure should be lowered immediately, otherwise the higher pressure will "blob" the peptide-solid carrier to the top of the reactor. Since the polypeptide-solid phase carrier has strong viscous wall properties, once it is stuck above the liquid level of the reactor, it can no longer come down, that is, it can no longer participate in the reaction. Obviously the first generation of machines is unable to automatically make such pressure adjustments, which is an important reason for the reaction "dead angle". The reaction dead angle reduces the efficiency of peptide synthesis and the purity of the polypeptide, and some even cause synthesis failure. 2) Nitrogen bubbling for a long time will volatilize the solution. After the liquid level is lowered, a part of the polypeptide-solid phase carrier sticks to the liquid surface and can no longer participate in the reaction. 3) The nitrogen consumption is large and the operating cost is increased.
The design principle of the ACT90 is that the reactor swings left and right around the origin under an upright position, or a circular motion. The ACT peptide synthesizer also has the mild reaction characteristics, that is, the rotation angle and speed cannot fully reach the limit of amino acid coupling, and the reaction often takes longer.
c) Third generation peptide synthesizer
The third-generation peptide synthesizer is represented by Applied Biosystems' ABI 433 peptide synthesizer and CS Bio's CS336, which is represented by the non-dead-angle peptide synthesizer. It was born in the 1990s.
The design principle of ABI433 is that the reactor is relatively fixed above, and the lower side is rotated 360 degrees rapidly, which drives the solid-liquid two phases in the reactor to spiral upward from the bottom until the top of the reactor. In other words, the solution can reach any point inside the reactor, and there is no dead angle. Since the agitation rate is as high as 1800 rpm, the reaction is fully completed. The ABI 433 peptide synthesizer (the last instrument after exiting the peptide synthesizer market) still accounts for a large proportion of the world, due to the purity of the peptide guaranteed by the dead-end agitation method. Of course, the price of ABI products is also the highest. Due to the high frequency of parts used, the solenoid valve will often be damaged, and ABI will make 7 solenoid valves into a modular design. If a solenoid valve is broken, the entire module must be replaced, which incurs the maintenance cost.
The design principle of CS336 is that the center point of the reactor is the center of the circle, and the upper and lower sides are rotated by 180 degrees. The stirring speed can reach 180 rpm. At the same time, it adopts the superiority of the nitrogen bubbling reaction mode, and the nitrogen blowing action is optional reaction mode into the reaction method. In the middle, the high coupling rate effect of the peptide synthesizer in the scientific research field is fully reflected.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, major synthesizer manufacturers have introduced upgraded products and new products, such as Protein Technologies' Tribute dual-channel peptide synthesizer, which integrates the "SMS notification" function into the product, adding between users and devices. Tight and more user-friendly; CS Bio's UV Online Monitor system configuration from R&D to production equipment is upgraded, allowing users to visually see the status of each amino acid coupling reaction and adjust the best based on the data. Synthetic effects and processes; Advanced ChemTech split into two new companies after the bankruptcy reorganization in 2005, in which Aapptec continued its predecessor's production steps and launched the Focus XC three-channel synthesizer. Another American company, CEM, is known for the manufacture of protein-based organic reaction equipment, and the introduction of a microwave peptide synthesizer can also synthesize simple small-molecule peptides. The microwave heating method greatly increases the reaction speed and increases the reaction rate several times or even ten times that of the previous peptide synthesizer. It is a pity that the side reaction is also increased in the case of heating, and the purity of the peptide cannot be comparable to that of the previous third generation or even the second generation. In addition, the microwave heating method cannot be amplified, and thus is not suitable for use as a research and development of a polypeptide drug.
1. Operating principle
The peptide synthesizer uses solid phase synthesis as the reaction principle, and the amino acid is continuously added, reacted, synthesized and operated in a known order (sequence, generally from C-carboxy terminal to N-terminal-amino terminal) in a closed explosion-proof glass reactor. The polypeptide carrier is finally obtained. The solid phase synthesis method greatly reduces the difficulty of purification of each step of the product. In order to prevent the occurrence of side reactions, the side chains of the amino acids participating in the reaction are protected. The carboxy terminus is free and must be activated prior to the reaction. There are two solid phase synthesis methods, namely Fmoc and tBoc. Because Fmoc has many advantages over tBoc, it is mostly synthesized by Fmoc method. However, for some short peptides, tBoc is still used by many companies because of its high yield.
The specific synthesis consists of the following cycles: 1) Deprotection: Fmoc protected columns and monomers must be protected with a basic solvent (piperidine) to remove the protecting group of the amino group. 2) Activation and cross-linking: The carboxyl group of the next amino acid is activated by an activator. The activated monomer reacts with the free amino group to form a peptide bond. In this step, a large amount of super-concentration reagent is used to drive the reaction to completion. Cycle: The two steps of the reaction are repeated until the synthesis is complete. 3) Elution and deprotection: The polypeptide is eluted from the column and its protecting group is eluted and deprotected by a deprotecting agent (TFA).
a) Reactor Reaction Vessel
For many centuries, the reactor/reactor equipment in the pharmaceutical industry has been the most common glass material, and it has been used by many chemical and biological experts because of its complete transparency and corrosion resistance. The process of peptide synthesis requires intuitive monitoring by the operator and simultaneous on-line cleavage after synthesis (the strong corrosive nature of the cutting reagent TFA has a significant limitation on the reactor material). These requirements limit the reactor to be most suitable for glass.
The glass reactor has great difficulty in the manufacturing process: 1 firing process: the grinding precision is extremely high, just as many domestic equipment can not meet the requirements of leakage and leakage, and the uniformity of the glass wall. 2With the mixing handle and the sealing device, the complete processing technology 3 explosion-proof treatment
b) Amino Acid Reservoirs
c) Solvent storage tank Solvent Reservoirs
d) Measuring cylinder Metering Vessel
e) Transfer bottle Transfer Vessel
f) Sensor Sensor
Multi-terminal trigger self-induction quantitative measurement method, intuitive, scientific, and the lowest relative error.
g) Waste tank Waste Carboy
The waste liquid tank usually chooses a larger volume HDPE bucket to ensure good ventilation. At the same time, the sensor device needs to be installed to detect the waste liquid at all times to avoid overflow.
a) Solenoid valve Valves
The solenoid valve in the peptide synthesizer is a sensitive accessory, which controls the series and closed circuit of the liquid path, plays a vital role in the two steps of amino acid transfer and measurement, solvent transfer and measurement. Different brands of synthesizers have slightly different designs and arrangements for solenoid valves. For example, in the PTI synthesizer, the solenoid valves are arranged in a matrix to facilitate observation, but if there is a blockage, there is inconvenience in maintenance. If a solenoid valve is blocked, the entire matrix solenoid valve may be replaced; the solenoid valve in the CSBio synthesizer Adopting the Normally Close mode, the solenoid valve is closed during the non-solution transfer operation, which reduces the occurrence of pollution and blockage, and is arranged in a pipeline arrangement as a whole; the solenoid valve of the ABI433 synthesizer is a 7-position combination, in case of blockage The whole group is replaced, it is very convenient to find and repair, but the cost is also 6 times higher.
b) Control Panel Control Box
The control panel often contains a photosensitive assembly, a partial control solenoid valve and a sensor control group. It is linked with the control system and synthesizer of the computer host to complete the whole process of peptide synthesis.
c) Software System Operating Software
Operating software for peptide synthesizers. The software registered by different brand synthesizers is also different.
a) UV Monitor
In the peptide synthesizer, devices that detect the coupling effect on-line, such as UV Monitor, are often optional devices, and customers can purchase them according to the needs of the experiment. Its function is to allow the operator to visually see the coupling effect of each amino acid in the synthesis of the polypeptide, so as to adjust the synthesis settings for a specific sequence, and finally achieve the best synthesis effect.
For users who are not familiar with the operation of peptide synthesizers, UV Monitor is quite important.
b) Reagent detection: Users of peptide synthesizers who do not have an online detection accessory can also use the reagent detection method to perform basic coupling effect measurement experiments.
In solid phase peptide synthesis, the connection efficiency is judged mainly by detecting the free amino group on the resin. The detection method is called Kaiser method, and the detection result shows blue or reddish brown if there is free amino group (pro, ser, His ).
Kaiser reagents include: A, 6% ninhydrin in ethanol; B, 80% phenol in ethanol; C, 2% 0.001M KCN ​​in pyridine solution. The pyridine in the formulation needs to be treated with ninhydrin and then re-steamed. use. During the detection process, take a small amount of resin, add 2-3 drops of A, B, C, and heat at 100 ° C for 1-2 min. If the solution has blue color, or the resin appears blue, reddish brown, indicating that there is free amino group, otherwise The connection is complete.
c) Other methods for detecting free amino groups: trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method, picric acid method, bromine method, etc.
1. International Major Peptide Synthesizer Manufacturer
Applied Biosystems Inc. (ABI)
Applied Biosystems is the world's only total solution company that designs and validates instrumental reagent data analysis software for individual identification applications. Since 1989, AB has developed into a leader in DNA analysis technology. Its classic product ABI433 peptide synthesis system sold well in the world in the 1990s, becoming the first choice for many peptide laboratories. The CS336 launched by CSBio has similar functions and effects, and is collectively referred to as the third generation. 
The American company AAPPTec (advanced delivery peptide protein technologies) was founded in March 2005. The company's predecessor was the instrument department of ACT (Advanced ChemTech). The company purchased all of the assets of the former ACT instrument, including production lines, patents, and exclusive privileges in production, promotion, and service. Managed by renowned peptide scientist, Dr. Hossain Saneii, former president of ACT, Dr. Hossain Saneii received his first patent for a peptide synthesizer in the early 1980s. Over the past 20 years, AAPPTEC's fully automated peptide synthesizer has become the most flexible and reliable instrument on the market. Boc-, Fmoc- and other chemical methods can be used. Automatic cutting AAPPTec has invested a lot of resources to upgrade and improve the equipment production line, while at the same time providing many innovative new products for the pharmaceutical and biological fields. It is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. 
Born in the 1990s, CSBio is based in the Menlo Park Industrial Park in California. The CSBio building covers an area of ​​approximately 60,000 ft2. Customized synthesis laboratories, GMP workshops and peptide synthesizer manufacturing workshops are built in the interior. CSBio's original production line is a complete line of automated synthesizer production and process development. It has a team of synthetic chemists and mechanical engineers who design, develop, manufacture and improve engineering. Now it has evolved into a peptide synthesizer. Top companies specializing in peptides for peptide drug bulk drugs, custom peptide synthesis and process development. For more than 20 years, CSBio has provided peptide synthesis equipment and related services that are excellent in synthesis and robustness for peptide pharmaceutical factories and laboratories around the world. Always dedicated to the production of peptide synthesizers and the customization of customer peptides and APIs, CSBio is the world's largest manufacturer of peptide synthesizers with the widest range of users, the most influential, and the most influential. one. The CS peptide synthesizer appears in almost any biochemical pharmaceutical park in the world.
CS Bio is also the only peptide synthesizer manufacturer in the world with a GMP production certificate. 
The company is located in Tucson, a beautiful resort in the western United States. It was founded in 1985 by several researchers at the University of Arizona. After more than 20 years of entrepreneurship, PTI has sold its research-based peptide synthesizers to universities around the world. The earliest PS3 was designed in 1985, and the latest Tribute with UV online monitoring was launched in 2009. There is currently no user feedback in Asia.
Activotec
Activotec's Activo-P14 semi-automated peptide synthesizer is the world's smallest peptide synthesizer. The instrument automates the cumbersome resin cleaning and deprotection steps in peptide synthesis. The user-friendly touch-operated keyboard interface automatically prompts the operator for the added amino acids each time. 
The peptide synthesis system from the Swedish company Biotage currently has three models to choose from, not only for microwave synthesis, but also for parallel synthesis at room temperature. The system is fully automatic computer controlled and equipped with a single arm or dual arm robot. Available in 24, 48 and 96 positions, the reactor size is 2, 5, 10 ml, and the synthesis scale is between 5μmol and 300μmol, which can meet the needs of different users. 
CEM is a world-renowned manufacturer of microwave chemical instruments. Its research institute in North Carolina concentrates on world-class microwave chemistry experts, continuously researches and explores the mechanism of microwave chemistry, and develops the main frequency of 2.45G-18GHz. A large number of results and patents have been obtained for microwave technology research and application. Various microwave sample processing methods introduced by CEM experts in history have been recognized by the authoritative organizations USEPA, AOAC, NCAT, ASTM, etc. as common standard methods, such as USEPA3015/3051. , UOP methods, etc. The Liberty microwave synthesis system, which was later introduced, can also be used for solid phase synthesis of peptides. There is a certain reaction dead angle when nitrogen bubbling is used at normal temperature. For non-sensitive amino acids, microwave heating can accelerate the reaction rate. 
The AutoSpot peptide synthesizer from Intavis Bioanalytical is able to synthesize peptides in parallel on the membrane. The synthesis cost of each peptide is low. 
Japan's Shimadzu Corporation's early introduction of a peptide synthesis device can simultaneously synthesize eight identical or different high-purity peptides for daily and economical peptide synthesis. 
ACT (ADVANCED CHEMTECH) introduced the 106-channel peptide synthesizer in 2007. It is the world's only fully automatic multi-channel asynchronous peptide synthesizer. Compared to other companies' multi-channel peptide synthesizers, this synthesizer adds Amino acid and various reagents do not need any pipelines and solenoid valves, and the instrument design is simpler and more reasonable. It is one of the main synthesizers for the development and screening of peptide drugs.
ACT peptide synthesizer
JBP Hainan Hainan Jianbang Jianbang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. was established in February 2006, is a collection of pharmaceutical equipment production, research, sales of integrated high-tech enterprises, but also engaged in new drug development of peptide drugs, production technology research, production plant Specialized company for program design. Hainan Jianbang Peptide Synthesizer inherits the internationally accepted explosion-proof glass reactor system (both tBoc and Fmoc can be operated) and the reaction mode of the top stir paddle. However, due to the patent protection of the imitation US CSBio synthesizer, some of its functional parts are not available. Normal use. The brand pioneered the domestic synthetic instrument, but the processing of the equipment was slightly simple. Some users found problems such as blocked passages, tightness of the seal, and shock of the whole machine after several months of use. Further improvement is needed in long-term use. 
Peptide Scientific Inc. (PSI) is a professional manufacturer of peptide synthesizers. PSI's peptide synthesizers all use a 180-270 degree mechanically agitated mode with no dead angle. The PSI peptide synthesizer has a qualitative breakthrough compared to the 180 degree of the CS Bio peptide synthesizer. The PSI synthesizer stirrer system uses an electronic servo motor and stirs. The speed can be adjusted to between 0 and 120 rpm, which is the most suitable for the speed of the experiment. 
PSI peptide synthesizer
For scientific research users such as universities and laboratories, as well as manufacturers that need to declare new drugs, the international patent number and the prescribed content of the synthetic equipment used are very useful information.
1. ACT peptide synthesizer patent: United States Patent 4746490
2. Activotec synthetic application technology patent: IPC8 Class: AC07K104FI USPC Class: 525 5411
3. CEM synthesis technology patent: US 7,582,728
4. CS Bio Peptide Synthesizer Patent: US Patent 5,380,495 & 5,453,487.
5.CS Bio Peptide Synthesizer Reactor Patent: US Patent 6320025
6. PTI peptide synthesizer equipment patent: US Patent No. 5,203,368 (Symphony). No. 5,064,940 (PS3).
7. PTI peptide synthesizer reactor patent: US Patent No. 5,980,839.
8.Shimadzu peptide synthesizer patent: United States Patent 5344613
1. Research unit considerations
a) The equipment itself is helpful for experimental research. 1 For the chemical reaction of peptide synthesis, the equipment can be used to avoid human injury caused by manual operation (reagent corrosion).
2 Due to the programmed setting, the sufficiency of the coupling reaction at each step and the stability of the whole experiment can be guaranteed. 3 It is possible to synthesize refractory peptides and ultralong peptides (providing a test report for the synthesis of peptides using a research peptide synthesizer)
4 During the break time, the non-stop synthetic work-type peptide synthesizer should meet more than 20 cyclic amino acid addition positions. At night and on weekends, the pre-configured protected amino acids can be automatically coupled and replaced with new positions according to the program settings. Guarantee the efficiency of the experiment, fully automatic!
5 Even if the experiment has been carried out for many years, many researchers have been replaced and the experimental data can be saved in the computer.
b) Effective research results by relevant international and domestic researchers using the peptide synthesizer The manufacturer of the peptide synthesizer should provide a number of published research papers. Students are provided with research data for peptide synthesis experiments and simulated synthetic processes to better experience the full steps of mechanically processed peptide synthesis and to detect their own synthetic results.
c) The impact of patent protection of peptide synthesizer equipment on future research results Considering the rigor of experimental research in higher education institutions, combined with the protection mechanism for post-development research results, equipment usually purchased must have an international patent license to ensure experimental research. Successful declaration of the project.
d) Manufacturer's production scale The manufacturer's brand, production scale and its production qualifications reflect the quality, reputation and service guarantee of its supply equipment.
1. "ß-Amino Acid Analogs of an Insect Neuropeptide Feature Potent Bioactivity and Resistance to Peptidase Hydrolysis" (Applied Biosystems I-Inc. Multipep carcinoma peptide synthesizer 433)
2. "Fast conventional Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis with HCTU" (Applied Biosystems I-Inc. Multipep carcinoma peptide synthesizer 433A)
3. "Synthesis and Primary Characterization of Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Hydrogels" (Applied Biosystems I-Inc. Multipep reports peptide synthesizer 433)
4. “Inclusion Volume Solid-phase Synthesis†(AAPPTec Multipep Synthesis peptide)
Synthesizer Apex 396)
5. "Analysis of an isotopically labelled analog of the antimicrobial Peptide LL-37" (AAPPTec Multipep delivery peptide synthesizer Apex 496)
6. Microwave-assistant peptide synthesis (CEM)
7. Application of Proteases to the Identification of Chiral Modifications in Synnthetic Peptides (CS 936 peptide synthesizer)
8. Kinetic Rationale for Selectivity toward N- and C-terminal Oxygen-dependent Degradation Domain Substrates Mediated by a Loop Region of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylases (CS 336 peptide synthesizer)
9. Phase I Immunotherapeutic Trial with Long Peptides Spanning the E6 and E7 Sequences of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus 16 in End-Stage Cervical Cancer Patients Shows LowToxicity and Robust Immunogenicity (CS 536 peptide synthesizer)
10. Preparation of cyclic peptide Hymenistatin1 and its statine-containing analogue by solid phase synthesis (CS536 automatic peptide synthesizer)
11. "The rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope increases cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress by antagonizing an adenosine-mediated anti-oxidative pathway" (PTI Multipep reports peptide synthesizer PS3)
12. Inhibitors of Protein Kinase a Anchoring (Multipep reports peptide synthesizer, INTAVIS Bioanalytical Instruments AG, Koeln, Germany)
13. Multi-Component, Multi-Functional Nanomedical Systems for Drug/Gene Delivery (INTAVIS AG)