Hubei: How can the farmers match well?

This year, many places in China appear to be suffering from "food and vegetables hurt farmers." The Ministry of Commerce requires local commerce authorities to organize and guide large supermarkets for production and sales, and requires the "Agricultural Super Matchmaking" pilot companies to actively fulfill their social responsibilities and maintain the purchase price at a reasonable level. "Agricultural Super Matchmaking" has become a rescue mechanism to solve the problem of selling agricultural products. Undoubtedly, this kind of agricultural cooperation based solely on government administrative directives can only be an emergency without long-term effects. Agricultural development is related to the overall situation of people's livelihood and the overall economic development of the country. How farmers gather together to form a tower and catch the fast track of modern commercial development is both exciting and problematic. In the long-term sense, it is imperative for us to conduct in-depth discussions on promoting the effective docking of agricultural super and stabilizing agricultural and hyper-cooperative relations.

Agro-supermarketing is a relational alliance based on the characteristics of industrial processes, which is based on the benefit objectives of farmers and supermarkets. In the 1990s, great changes took place in China's retail formats, and large supermarket chains began to emerge. Although based on the gross profit rate theory, fresh produce management is not the core business of supermarkets, the supermarket’s “Tao Xing City” operation strategy determines the importance of fresh produce operations, and supermarkets with larger chain stores are seeking steady fresh produce. supply chain. However, due to the weak nature of decentralized management, farmer households are unable to effectively participate in market competition, and the flexibility of social demand for agricultural products is relatively small, and the market capacity is limited, making the supply and demand of agricultural products show extremely unstable. Farmers are eager to obtain or construct a sales channel in order to achieve stable returns in the unpredictable agricultural market. Based on this demand for cooperation between agricultural producers (farmers) and agricultural products retailers (supermarkets), the opportunity for the docking of agricultural supercomputers has emerged.

However, in reality, the smoothness of agricultural and agricultural linkages is not natural, not only because the two are located in different industrial fields, but more importantly, the main body of agricultural production under the household contract management system is atomic farmers, and agricultural production depends on Physiological function of plants and carried out under the synergistic effect of the natural environment, the characteristics of a single farmer's small output, large differences in product between farmers, and agricultural products market fluctuations are different from industrial products. If supermarkets directly face millions of rural households that have decentralized operations, millions of times have gone through the process of searching, identifying, negotiating, signing contracts, or even supervising transactions. This not only consumes huge transaction costs, but also cannot guarantee the diversity and safety of agricultural supplies. And timeliness. At the same time, the variety and scale of agricultural products operated by individual farmers are extremely limited (if this takes into account the concurrent employment of a considerable number of rural households, this feature is more pronounced), and there is a lack of a discourse platform for direct negotiations with supermarkets. And as Schultz's rational small-scale peasant theory thinks, each farmer decides the agricultural business strategy according to the comparison of "cost-benefit", and farmers do not have the interest motive to rely on their own operations to enter the supermarket. Therefore, from the practical attempt of agricultural super-docking, the practical effect is difficult to satisfy: First, from the point of view of the channel organization of agricultural products entering supermarkets, the cooperation strategy is always accompanied by the promotion of government forces, and the dominance of market forces is not significant; Second, there are too many middleman roles or too many intermediate links. The practice of super agricultural docking often evolves into “farmers+acquisitor+distributive markets+supermarket suppliers+supermarkets”. Farmers still live at the end of the interest chain. , And supermarkets are just the end of the market for agricultural products. The lack of high quality and efficient circulation organization makes it difficult to connect farmers with supermarkets.

In the practice of agricultural industrialization, the formation of the linkage between farmers and supermarkets requires conditions. If supermarkets are compared to "steel cables," then farmers are "grass ropes," and "cables and ropes" need to be set up between the "wire ropes and straw ropes" to complete the docking between such supermarkets and small farmers. This “cable” role can be generally referred to as an intermediary organization. It is an agricultural operation organization between the production and retail links. It can be a rural broker, such as a large breeding family, a sales professional, or it can be in various forms. The rural cooperative economic organizations can also be undertaken by agricultural product processing companies, agricultural product wholesale markets, and agricultural logistics companies. Although the roles of intermediary organizations can be varied, the role of “cables” is naturally carried by rural cooperative economic organizations in terms of the characteristics of agricultural operations. It is the key to the realization of agricultural convergence.

Rural cooperative economic organizations have formed cooperation, cooperation in technology, purchase, production, and services around the pre-production, mid-production, and post-production stages of agriculture, which has increased the organization of farmers' production and operation, and is conducive to the standardization and specialization of agricultural production. And regionalization; saving the production and transaction costs of farmers, strengthening the market negotiation power of farmers, and becoming a coagulant for scattered and sandy farmers. In order to enhance cooperation performance, rural cooperative economic organizations have designed diversified interest distribution mechanisms, such as dividend distribution according to shares, distribution according to transaction volume, dividend distribution according to shares, and return by transaction amount, so that the close interests formed by farmers The community effectively solved the problem of “free rider” and “insufficient incentives”, which stabilized the linkage between “rural cooperative economic organizations + farmer households”. On the other hand, rural cooperative economic organizations and supermarkets have established a formal cooperation framework “supermarket + rural cooperative economic organization” through negotiation or negotiation. Rural cooperative economic organizations ensure the effective organization and provision of agricultural products; supermarkets ensure that agricultural products can be sold at a desired price and the value of agricultural products can be finally realized. Rural cooperative economic organizations and supermarkets have a basis for cooperation in agricultural product circulation, planning, security, and risk aversion. The two tend to make corresponding specific investments. The typical example is the construction of agricultural product bases, contractual arrangements, and special investment. Reduce the transaction costs of long-term cooperation between the two, and constrain the opportunistic behavior of both parties. In this way, cooperation between rural peasant households, supermarkets, rural cooperatives, rural cooperative economic organizations, and supermarkets led by rural cooperative economic organizations is no longer a strategic arrangement, and the characteristics of stability have replaced temporary and expedient features. As a result, "supermarket + intermediary organization + farmer households" has reached a quasi-market (or quasi-enterprise) relationship alliance with external economies of scale, thereby ensuring the predictability of agricultural super-junction prospects and the stability of cooperation results.

In order to achieve an effective connection between farmers and supermarkets, we must actively cultivate rural cooperative economic organizations and encourage all forms of cooperative economic organizations to participate in the arrangement of super agricultural docking.

First and foremost, based on rural cooperative economic organizations are exploring the long-term reality, focusing on improving and integrating existing rural cooperative economic organizations, and preventing and rectifying the hollowing out of cooperative economic organizations under administrative intervention. As of the end of June 2010, there were more than 310,000 farmer professional cooperatives registered in the industrial and commercial register in China, and 10.4% of the total farmer households had joined the cooperatives. It is predicted that the trend of multiplying the number of farmer cooperatives each year after the implementation of the Cooperatives Law will not be Slow down.

Secondly, we will respect farmers' willingness to cooperate, give full play to the cohesiveness of rural capable people (country elites) and their ability to become rich, and form cooperative economic organizations with technical and sales characteristics. Rural able people, with their special talents and talents and their accumulated wealth of advantages, have gradually become the target of community farmers to follow and follow. Compared with Shangan, the formation of cooperation based on the ability of rural people has become a dominant strategy for rural households. There are numerous examples of “producing a talented person, an industry, and a rich locality” in rural areas.

Third, the rural cooperative economic organizations should adhere to the ideas of development while adjusting and standardizing, and gradually establish and improve the management mechanism, interest distribution mechanism and supervision mechanism. We will improve the organization and management mechanism, establish the management system for members (members) representative assembly, board of directors (committee), board of supervisors, etc., and improve the rules and regulations based on the laws of economic contract law, civil law, and cooperative law, and improve the distribution of benefits. The motivation of farmers to take cooperative action is the existence of total cooperation surplus. Farmers choose whether to participate actively or participate passively, which depends on the distribution of “cooperative surplus”. Therefore, various interest adjustment mechanisms, such as risk sharing mechanisms and residual claim arrangements, must be implemented so that cooperative economic organizations can become a close-knit community of interests sharing and sharing risks. Improve supervision mechanisms, strengthen internal democratic oversight, hold regular member (members) congresses, implement democratic decision-making and democratic management; give play to the supervisory role of government functional departments, and supervise whether cooperative organizations are engaged in business and social activities in accordance with national laws and regulations, and Guide them to distribute dividends rationally and fully take care of the interests of members (members) and the majority of farmers.

Fourth, increase support for various policies and optimize the external development environment. In terms of taxation policies, the cooperative economic organizations have implemented a tax-exempt qualification system, constructed a single tax system for income tax, and further expanded the scope of tax exemption for major taxes, including value-added tax and business tax. In the financial environment, the National Agricultural Loan Guarantee System was set up for projects such as farmland transformation, new agricultural technology reform, and trials for new agricultural varieties; rural credit system reform was used as an opportunity to speed up the transformation of rural credit cooperatives and vigorously promote rural microcredit loans. , Actively explore the credit methods of agricultural cooperative economic organizations; Accelerate pilots and explorations of village-level banks; Give financial support in the process of expansion and development of agricultural cooperative economic organizations; Improve service functions of agricultural development banks, return capital resources to rural areas It is used for the project operation of the agricultural cooperative organization; the risk protection system for agricultural investment is perfected, the agriculture insurance insurance is reasonably established, and the agricultural production risk protection fund is supported by the state finance. (Hubei Daily Hu Juan Author: Hubei University of Economics)