Pasture seed production points

1 Establishment of pasture seed breeding field

The production requirements for pasture seed propagation fields and fields are different. The breeding of pasture seeds must not only pay attention to the improvement of yield, but more importantly produce a large number of seeds of good quality.

1.1 Selection of seed breeding fields

In order to obtain high-yield, good-quality seeds, pasture seed-producing fields should be set on the best plots of forage land. It is required to have a flat terrain, plenty of sunshine, fertile soil, few weeds, and good drainage. It is best to have irrigation conditions. At the same time, when selecting land, we must also consider the biological characteristics of pasture itself. For example, legume grass seed fields should be selected in areas adjacent to protected forest belts, shrubs and reservoirs to facilitate the pollination of insects.

1.2 Determination of seed breeding area

The area of ​​seed breeding area should be determined according to the seed requirement, the sown area of ​​the field, and the propagation coefficient of the crop. The reserved area of ​​various crops is not the same, and generally accounts for about 5% of the sown area of ​​the field. However, different forage species have different propagation coefficients, and the same pasture has different propagation coefficients in different regions. Therefore, it must be based on local conditions.

1.3 Rational rotation

In order to obtain high seed yield, a reasonable rotation must be carried out. The rearing area where the base fertilizer is applied and the medium crop that is applied with the base fertilizer is the most suitable sowing place for the cultivated species. The former crops of pasture seed propagation fields should not be different varieties of the same crop and similar crops. Appropriate exchange of cornices can not only create good living conditions for pastures, but also prevent seeds from mixing and reduce pests and diseases.

In order to prevent seed threshing and maintain seed purity, various pastures and grasslands, especially those that are difficult to separate two or more pastures, should be separated from each other by a certain distance, usually 25 to 50 m, on the site. And these areas can grow easily separable crops and pastures. In order to prevent crosses between species and breeds (biological mixed), all varieties should be isolated and planted, and the isolation zone should not be less than 200-400 m. In addition, it should be considered in the rotation that different types of crops with similar shapes and sizes or the same type of pasture should not be sown continuously. Generally, they should be planted at an interval of 2 to 3 years.

1.4 Land Preparation Features of Seed Fields

The general requirement for pre-sowing land preparation for seed fields is that the soil is loose and the soil is fine. Because the grass seeds are small, good germination conditions are required. In addition, weeds are also required to have a small amount of weeds and to keep them well, which is conducive to emergence and seedling growth.

It is very important for the seed field to work before planting. Because the perennial forage seeds are small and light, the storage of nutrients is limited, the seed germination and seedling growth are relatively slow, and the soil cultivation requirements before sowing are more stringent. Therefore, the preparation work before sowing should achieve the requirements of “fine, flat, loose, tight, deep, clean, and clean” as far as possible so as to create a good sowing condition and ensure the seedlings are successfully unearthed.

1.5 Seeding and Management

In order to increase the seed settling rate and obtain seeds as soon as possible, pastures are generally not protected by sowing. If the seedlings are protected, the sowing amount is 20% to 30% lower than unprotected sowing. The timely sowing of pasture seed breeding field can not only increase the seed germination rate and germination potential, but also ensure the normal growth and high yield of plants, and reduce pests and diseases. Wide-row seeding is usually used, and in some cases, narrow-row spacing can also be used. Generally, narrow-row spacing is disadvantageous for harvesting. The current argument for broad-row sowing is based on the ability to make full use of light energy, good ventilation, and a large area of ​​nutrients, which can promote a large number of reproductive branches in fertile soil and increase the propagation coefficient. Its advantages are: lush plants, long life, high seed yield, large and full seeds, and easy removal of weeds.

Sowing methods mostly use unicast. Row spacing is different due to the variety of pasture and the different cultivation conditions.

30 to 90cm or so. Square planting generally uses 6060cm or 6080cm row spacing. The seed field should be about 1 times wider than the field distance. The seeding rate depends on the type of pasture, climate, and soil conditions, and the seed field increases the spacing of the plants correspondingly from the field, thus reducing the sowing amount, and the sowing volume is 1/2 to 1/3 of the field. Under drought conditions, the sowing volume should be slightly thinner than the irrigation conditions, and the plant spacing should be wider.

Forage seed field irrigation must be timely and appropriate, too much less will reduce the seed yield.

Under normal circumstances, the combination of topdressing and irrigation in forage seed fields is carried out. The perennial forage seed yield depends on the number of reproductive branches per unit area, the length of spikes, the number of spikelets and florets, the seed setting rate and the maturity of the seeds, and these factors are good or bad and the supply of water and nutrients is adequate and timely. Whether it has a close relationship. Therefore, the top-dressing of seed fields and irrigation are mainly aimed at promoting their reproductive growth, and timely “attacking, attacking, and attacking grains”.

Weeding and disease prevention in pasture seed fields should be timely. During the reproductive period, the seed propagation field has to eliminate, eliminate and remove the diseased plants several times. The grass and forage crops are at the heading stage and waxing stage, while the leguminous pastures are carried out at the flowering stage and the grain-filling stage. Prevention and control of pests and diseases should adopt the “anti-healing” approach. The growth period should be checked frequently. Once pests and diseases are found, they should be eliminated in time to avoid spreading the disease.

1.6 Artificially assisted pollination

Most pastures belong to cross-pollination. The quality of pollination is directly related to the yield and quality of pasture seeds. In order to achieve the purpose of increasing production, technical measures that artificially assist pollination are often used.

1.7 Assistant pollination of grasses

Grazing grasses are wind-borne flower plants that spread pollen by wind in nature. In order to correctly assist grass pollination, it is necessary to understand the flowering habits of various pastures. First of all, we should understand the flowering time, the amount of flowering, and the time of flowering within one day. The time and frequency of artificially assisted pollination of grasses should be based on the type of pasture and the flowering habits. The pastures on the panicles should be carried out when the upper flowers are largely open, and the pastures on the spikes should be mostly flowered. It is carried out two times in total, and the time between them is about two to four days. The second method of assisted pollination by people is extremely simple. Two people straighten the ropes and gently pass over the spikes of pastures. On the one hand, the unopened flowers can be opened, and on the other hand, the pollen is dispersed to achieve The purpose of pollination.

1.8 assisted pollination of legumes

Most leguminous grasses belong to insect-like flower plants and are pollinated by insects. Specific artificial assistance measures are:

1 The position of the legume seed field should be close to the forest shrub to facilitate bee pollination.

2 The area of ​​the legume seed field should not be too large, and should not exceed 250 acres.

3 In the flowering period of the leguminous herbage field, the allocation of a certain number of beehives facilitates the smooth progress of pollination.

4 Pay attention to species selection, species collocation and adjusting the flowering period of pasture to make it consistent with the maximum activity time of the bees.

5 can also be used with Sakamoto Lee, the same method of artificial assistance with the rope, but pay attention to the intensity of force, try to avoid damage to flowering branches.

2 Harvest and Storage of Artificial Forage Seeds

2.1 Harvest time and methods of seeds

Many flowering grasses have a long flowering period, and the maturity of the seeds is extremely inconsistent. Therefore, whether the harvest time is appropriate has a great influence on the yield and quality of the seeds. Earlier, there were too many green barley and green ears, which reduced the quality of the seeds; late seeds were dropped on their own, affecting the yield.

Seed maturation can be divided into milk ripening, wax ripening and full ripening. The formation of embryos is completed during the milk ripening period. At this time, the seed is green, contains more water, is softer, and the seeds are easily broken. The seeds in the milk ripening period are light but not full, and the germination rate and seed yield are very low. Most of them have no economic value; the seeds of the waxy stage are waxy and the top of the fruit is purple, but some of the seeds are still preserved. Green spots, seeds easily cut off with the nail; full maturity of the seeds are of good quality, their 1000-grain weight, germination rate and seed yield are higher, is the appropriate period of seed harvest. When harvested with a machine, it can be harvested during the wax ripening period. In general, gramineous forages are harvested when 40% to 50% of the internodes near the ear are between 60% and 70% of the seeds of the yellowwing legumes become yellow-brown or brown. For pastures with strong grain fall, they should be harvested first.

Seed harvesting takes different measures depending on the size of the seed field and the degree of mechanization. Seed field small area can be harvested manually, preferably in the morning when there is fog to reduce seed loss. After harvesting, they should be immediately gathered and tied into bundles of grass and removed from the field as soon as possible. Do not spread haystacks in seed fields. Threshing and drying should be performed in a dedicated yard. When harvesting by machine, it should be done in clear, dry weather without fog or dew. The height of forage grass remains is 20 to 40 cm, which can reduce the mixing of green weeds, reduce the difficulties in harvesting, ensure the quality of seeds, and facilitate storage.

Immediately after the seeds are harvested, they should be mixed with wind, dried and dried. Seed drying methods are natural drying and artificial drying. Natural drying is the use of sun exposure, ventilation, air drying and other methods to reduce the moisture of the seeds. It is divided into two stages: the first stage is after the harvest, the grass bundles in the drying yard coded into small rakes, making it natural dry, easy to threshing; the second stage is threshing seeds drying in the drying field until the seeds The humidity meets the storage standard.

Artificial drying is performed using various dryers. The degree to which the seeds are required to leave the machine is in the range of 30 to 40°C.

After the seeds are dry, they must also be cleared before entering the warehouse.

3 Forage seed storage

The seed quality and longevity of pasture seeds are closely related to the quality of seed storage. A series of physiological and biochemical changes will occur in the seed itself during storage, and the seed changes are inseparable from the humidity and temperature in the external environment. Therefore, the seeds should be properly stored after drying, so as to preserve the excellent characteristics of the seeds. The following issues should be noted in the storage of seeds.

3.1 Water content of seeds

The moisture content of grass seed for storage is no more than 15%, and the water content of legume seed is no more than 13%.

3.2 Before the seeds are put into storage, they must be cleaned, inspected and graded to remove impurities and stored separately according to the seed level.

3.3 When the grass seeds are stored, the thickness of the heap is preferably 1.5-2 m. Large and non-loose seeds can be stored, and small and loose seeds are stored in sacks for storage.

3.4 Seeds must be inspected frequently during storage to strengthen management, prevent moisture, warming, and strengthen waterproof, pest control, rat-proof work.

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