How to do tomato planting management technology tomato planting pests and diseases

Tomatoes were introduced from the Americas to Europe in the 16th century. They were later eaten as vegetables. They belonged to the Solanaceae crops. They were similar to eggplant, pepper and potato. They were warm and light-light vegetables. The soil conditions were not strict, but Obtain high yield and promote good root development. We should choose fertile loam with deep soil, good drainage and rich in organic matter. Let's take a look at the planting management technology of tomatoes together!

Tomato planting conditions Tomatoes are warm-loving vegetables, which have the semi-drought-tolerant physiological characteristics of being warm and cold, welcoming heat, welcoming air drying, fearing excessive humidity, and being afraid of water. According to the local cultivation and natural environment, it is necessary to adjust the temperature, humidity, water, light, nutrient supply and other living conditions suitable for vegetable growth, and timely control various possible pests and diseases, which is of great significance for increasing tomato production and increasing the economic income of vegetable farmers.

1. Tomato temperature requirements: Tomatoes have different temperature requirements during different growth periods. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 25-30 degrees Celsius, the lowest germination temperature is 11 degrees Celsius, and the highest is 35 degrees Celsius. The seedling period is suitable for 20-25 degrees Celsius during the day and 15-20 degrees Celsius during the night. The result period is 25-30 degrees Celsius during the day and 13-17 degrees Celsius at night. Below 15 degrees Celsius is higher than 35 degrees Celsius, which is not conducive to flowering fruit.

2, tomato requirements for light: tomatoes in different growth stages of different light requirements, germination period does not require light, seedlings require sufficient light to develop seedlings can be well developed, insufficient light will affect flower bud differentiation, affecting flower pollination. In the result period, the light is sufficient, the fruit is fast, the fruit is fast, and the light is insufficient to affect the yield. If the light is too strong, it will cause sunburn to the fruit.

3, tomato water requirements: tomato roots developed, strong water absorption capacity, leaves evaporation strong water, is a drought-tolerant crop, that is, drought-resistant and requires a lot of water, seedling growth fast, soil should not be too wet, to control watering The flowering period needs to be watered frequently. Generally, it is guaranteed to be poured once every 10 days, but do not flood the roots to cause dead roots. If the watering is not timely or the watering is too controlled, it will cause a large area of ​​umbilical rot, and the soil will cause physiology. Sexual curling.

4, the requirements of the tomato on the soil: the requirements of the soil is not strict, the soil is thick and well drained, the soil is highly breathable loam, and the sandy loam can be planted with improved alkali soil.

5. Requirements for nutrients of tomatoes: The requirement ratio of tomatoes to nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) potassium (K) is 2:1:2 nitrogen plays an important role in stem and leaf growth and fruit development, flowering seat During the expansion period, the nitrogen uptake of the plants gradually increased until the peak of nitrogen uptake reached its peak.

Therefore, the plant must be supplemented with nitrogen fertilizer in time to be deep-rooted. Tomatoes do not require much phosphorus. The application of phosphate fertilizer at seedling stage promotes flower bud differentiation and flower development. Tomatoes are potassium-producing crops, which have the highest requirements for potassium, especially during fruit enlargement, which promote fruit development and coloration.

Tomato preparation before planting

1. Site preparation: The fields where the tomatoes are cultivated should be turned into autumn soil, and the depth of cultivation should be about 30 cm. Drying soil can improve soil structure, improve water retention capacity, reduce pests and diseases in the soil, and create favorable conditions for root growth. Deep tillage can improve the passage of soil, promote the activity of soil microbes, and facilitate the decomposition of soil nutrients. Even if there are frequent arrangements in the mouth, if there is difficulty in drying the soil, it should be used for the long-term drying of the soil after harvesting and deep-growing.

2, do 畦 (ridge): tomato planting 畦 畦 畦, flat, gully and ridge 畦 4 kinds. The local use of deep ditch sorghum cultivation. Generally, the width (width) is 1.3-1.7 meters, and the width of the groove is 0.3-0.5 meters. The ridges (ridges) are oriented to the south, and the plants receive light more evenly.

3. Sterilization of seedlings: Before planting, 75% of chlorothalonil WP 600 times solution or 75% mancozeb WP can be used to spray seedlings.

4, apply enough base fertilizer

1 Apply 5,000 kilograms of organic fertilizer per mu, add 50 kilograms of superphosphate, mix with tillage and soil, and plow the depth of 25-30 cm. Open field cultivation is mostly carried out by sorghum or ridge cultivation. Protected field cultivation is carried out by mulching mulch, using submerged dark irrigation and drip irrigation under the membrane. The sorghum cultivation can be used to bury the high-quality manure in the central part of the sorghum, and the farmyard manure is 2000-3000 kg, the plant ash is 200 kg, and the flat hoe is excavated on both sides of the sorghum, and the ditch is applied with 200 kg of high-quality fertilizer or compound fertilizer. 20-25 kg.

2 Tomato plants have an absorption rate of 40-50% for nitrogen and potassium, and 20% for phosphorus absorption. Phosphate fertilizer plays an important role in the development of tomato fruit and seeds, and it also has a great impact on the cultivation of strong seedlings. Nitrogen fertilizer can promote the growth and development of stems and leaves, especially in the early stage of plant growth, the role of nitrogen fertilizer is more important. Potassium fertilizer can promote the transport of sugars to fruits and enhance the disease resistance of plants, delay the senescence of plants, prolong the result period, and also have a good effect on improving the quality of fruits.

3 tomatoes are very sensitive to the reaction of fertilizer, high-fertilizer water can win high yield. The type of fertilizer also has a great impact on the yield and quality of tomatoes. The order of the advantages and disadvantages of various farmyard manures is: chicken and duck feces, sheep and feces, horse manure, and cow dung. Human excrement should be used in combination with other fertilizers. No matter which kind of farmyard manure, it needs to be fully fermented and decomposed, and it is forbidden to trace the manure to prevent burning roots and infectious diseases and insect pests.

The planting method of tomato planting method and the mulching of the mulching film are best carried out in a sunny day without wind, the temperature is high, the evaporation of soil moisture is small, and it is easy to slow down the seedling.

1. Planting method: The method of planting seedlings is flat planting, fur planting and planting. According to the successive irrigation, it is divided into “dry planting” (that is, first planting seedlings and watering) and “water stable seedlings” (that is, planting seedlings after first watering). Do not plant too deep or too shallow when planting seedlings. Planted too deep, low soil temperature, is not conducive to root growth, slow seedlings slow. Planted too shallow, although the high temperature of the soil is conducive to the growth of the root system, but the roots are unstable, the seedlings are easy to be washed or smashed by the wind. The general planting depth is preferably that the soil and the surface are level or slightly deeper. If the seedbed is not properly managed or the planting is not timely, the stem end of the seedling can be planted to the south in the shape of the bottom of the ship, so that the tip of the stem exposed on the soil slopes slightly southward to reduce the seedling on the ground. The height prevents the burning of the sun and the wind, and can promote the growth of adventitious roots.

2, covering the mulch: In recent years, the cover film has been widely used in tomato cultivation, it can increase soil temperature, reduce soil water evaporation, inhibit weed growth, maintain soil looseness, etc., thus speeding up the seedling growth rate after planting, promoting root system Growing. The mulching film planting method is generally first planted after the film is planted. The specific method is: first put the mulch on the built sorghum, cover the shovel with the soil in the country, and then plant the seedlings according to the plant spacing, and cover the soil around the seedlings.

3. Planting density

1 Early-maturing cultivation of open field: line spacing 40-50 cm, plant spacing 23-26 cm, about 5000 plants per acre. It is cultivated in a small frame, with a line spacing of 50 cm, a plant spacing of 26-33 cm, and about 4,000 seedlings. Large-scale long-term cultivation, line spacing 66 cm, plant spacing 33 cm, planting about 3000 plants.

2 Protected cultivation: Planting 2-3 ear-fruits and small-early early-maturing cultivation, line spacing 50 cm, plant spacing 27 cm, 5000 plants per acre. The 3-4 ear fruits are cultivated in a small frame, with a row spacing of 50 cm, a plant spacing of 30 cm, and 4,400 plants per acre. Large-scale long-term cultivation without picking (such as the Dutch infinite growth type) line spacing 80 cm, plant spacing 40 cm, planting 2000 plants.

Tomato fertilizer management

1, formula fertilization

The small frame is cultivated with 2-3 spikes, which can be topdressed once in the size of each table of fruit. Elevated cultivation, with a large number of spikes, can be topdressed once in the first, third, fifth and seventh spikes of table tennis. In combination with watering, 1000 kg of decomposed manure per acre, or 50 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer, or 100 kg of plant ash, or 25 kg of potassium sulfate, or 25 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, it is best to use the above fertilizers alternately. The leaves were sprayed once with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.3% urea solution, 3-5% calcium chloride solution for 10-15 days. Apply carbon dioxide gas to the cultivated soil to apply fertilizer at a concentration of 800-1200 ml/m3.

2, water management

1 Watering in the planting, digging the soil in the field, pouring the seedling water after 5-7 days, and then continuously cultivating 2-3 times, according to the variety, seedling age, soil quality, soil moisture, seedling growth conditions appropriate seedlings. Self-sealing early maturing varieties, older seedlings, aging seedlings, soil drought, sandy soil, seedling period should be short, when the first ear of fruit has the size of peas, the seedlings are finished. On the contrary, it is longer, when the first ear of the table tennis size is over, the seedlings are finished.

2 In the result period, the soil moisture state should be maintained, the soil water content should reach 80%, the water should be poured once every 6-7 days in the low temperature season, and the water should be poured once in 3-4 days in the high temperature season. Fill the water evenly to avoid drying and wetting. In protected area cultivation, water should be watered on a sunny day, and the amount of ventilation should be increased after watering.

3 The relative humidity of the air is controlled at 45-65%.

Tomato disease recognition praises early epidemic long black spots, black spots and round spots. The onset of late blight is fast, first invading the edge of the leaves. The plague called the egg, and the disease was not soft. Gray mold has long black hair, and the leaves are lousy. The ulcer fruit is blistering and the stem is rotten. Umbilical rot of the navel, the ground is the source of the disease. Withered leaves, vascular bundles brown. The virus should be protected early, and it should be long.

Tomato pest control technology

1. Tomato early blight: Tomato early blight is also called spot disease. The lesion is round or nearly round, dark brown, mainly harmful to tomato leaves, sometimes harming stems and fruits, high temperature and high humidity is easy to occur, and the pathogen is fungi-like semi-known bacteria. It is necessary to timely ventilate and dehumidify to reduce the occurrence of early blight, and to prevent and treat early blight, 75% chlorothalonil or 50% iprodione can be sprayed or treated with 600 times. The shed can be sterilized by chlorothalonil.
2. Tomato late blight: Tomato late blight is a fungal oocyst, which is the most important target for the prevention and treatment of tomato diseases. Generally, late blight begins to invade from the leaf edge, and then develops into a dark brown spot and invades. Staining stems and fruits, causing the stem to turn dark and brown around the stem for a week, the fruit onset is not soft, initially oily dip dark green and dark brown. The pathogen spreads by wind and rain, and the temperature is low and the humidity is high. Late blight can be controlled by frost washing 600 times spray. When the disease is serious, it can be treated with dimethomorph and quasi-energy spray. The aerosol can be smoked by the smog smoke suppressant.
3. Tomato plague: Tomato plague is a fungal egg disease, commonly known as "dropping eggs." The chlorotic lesions appear in the initial diseased leaves, followed by water-soaked rot, and the fruit onset occurs mostly in the shoulders. After the brownish spots appear, the lesions gradually become striate, and the humidity grows long and white mold. The disease is high in temperature, high in humidity or high in temperature and high in humidity. The prevention and treatment of cotton blight can be used with the same type of medicine for the prevention and treatment of late blight. It can be controlled by spray of frostbite and copper (metal frost copper), and it can also be controlled by spray of alfa plus morpholine.
4. Botrytis cinerea: Botrytis cinerea is a fungus-like fungus. The pathogen firstly infects flowers and styles, then infects leaves and fruits. The pathogens begin to infiltrate into the triangle from the tip of the leaf. The lesions are dark brown and long. Black hair, the fruit begins to rot from the stalk to produce black hair. Botrytis cinerea is the second largest disease after late blight. In rainy days and low temperature, the humidity in the shed is very heavy. It should be ventilated and dehumidified in time, and the ash disease can be prevented by 600 times of Pythium or 600 times of spray without beauty. The aerosol can be smoked with a gray mold smoke agent.
5. Tomato leaf mold: Tomato leaf mold is a fungus-like fungus, which mainly harms the leaves. The leaves of the diseased leaves have irregular yellow spots on the front, and the leaves are brown and brown, and the leaf mold is the best and safest. There is a list in the list (10% anti-mycin) sprayed into the city or leaf show according to the prescribed dose control effect is also very good, usually prevent 70% methyl thiophanate or 50% carbendazim can eliminate and reduce the occurrence of leaf mold .
6. Tomato bacterial ulcer disease: Tomato ulcer disease is a kind of bacteria, which mainly damages stems and fruits. The disease is mostly immersed in wounds. The pathogen spreads rapidly inside the bark, and it develops to the pith of the pith. It turns brown and die, and the disease appears on the fruit surface. The white halo of the uplift, also known as "bird eye disease" or "circle disease." Prevention and treatment of bacterial ulcer disease can usually be prevented by fast-fixing, that is, chloroformazole, and the serious disease can be treated with 600 times of Daliang and 600 times of rapid supplement.
7. Tomato bacterial spot disease: Spot disease includes sesame spot and spot disease, edge blight, which mainly damages leaves, and bacterial round spotted leaves often have smaller round or polygonal brown lesions, which are denser and more transparent. For the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases, 600 times spray of soft pass (green milk copper) can also be sprayed with 600 times of Daliang, which can cure bacterial soft rot.
8. Tomato virus disease: There are 6 types of tomato virus disease, such as mosaic type, fern leaf type, leaf type, yellow top type, giant bud type, and stripe type. The main control objects are mosaic type and stripe type virus. Tomato virus pathogens mainly include three sources of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 苜蓿 mosaic virus (AMV). In addition to the poisonous part of the virus, there are generally pests such as aphids, locusts, and thrips as viral vectors. To prevent and cure viral diseases, weeds should be completely removed from the weeds in the pastoral area, and the insects inside and outside the shed should be eliminated. The seeds can be disinfected with 10% trisodium phosphate for 45 minutes, rinsed with clean water, and dried to produce buds. After the occurrence of the virus disease, the anti-toxic Feng (5% mushroom proteoglycan water) 300 times plus the small leaf enemy 500 times mixed with Shuojin 808 (0.1% brassinolide) control effect is very good.
9. Tomato wilt: Tomato wilt disease includes dryness and bacterial wilt. The common symptom of blight is that the leaves recover from the noon wilting in the morning and evening. It is difficult to recover and die in the morning. The stems are cut open, and the vascular bundles are browned, and the water nutrition is blocked and cannot be transported normally. Early prevention and control of Fusarium wilt can be sprayed out of a "bubble" barrel of 1 pack, 10 days spray once to prevent the effect of wilt disease, found that the disease plant can be used methyl chlorhexidine 600 times plus smashing plus wonderful back to the field 30 kg of water each add a pack For root irrigation prevention, it can also be rooted alone with bromine.
10. Tomato umbilical rot: The symptoms of tomato umbilical rot are watery rot in the umbilicus of the fruit, which is a physiological disease. Long-term drought in the greenhouse, especially in the fruit-bearing period, does not water, and after pouring the fruit, pouring a large amount of water will cause a serious and large amount of umbilical rot fruit, so uneven watering is the main cause of umbilical rot. The second is that the lack of calcium in the land is also the root cause of umbilical rot. The chlorosis is caused by the occurrence of calcium deficiency in the growth of the land. The shed for the umbilical rot due to calcium deficiency is recommended to use the Meilin calcium bottled water produced by Shaanxi Baoji. it is good.
11. Whitefly: It can spray 70% imidacloprid (Golden Brake) plus phlegm plus 1000 times.
12. Root knot nematode: It can be used in Shenzhen Rui Defeng 3% avermectin 1000 times per plant.

Tomato disease control special effects prescription

1. Early blight: 600 times of iprodione plus 600 times of blue xin, 1000 times of spray.
2. Late blight: 50% dimethomorph pure product plus quasi-energy 600 times harmed vertical flat 1000 times spray.
3. Cotton blight. Bingsen cream urea cyanide 600 times plus Jiebao 600 times harmed vertical flat 1000 times spray.
4. Botrytis cinerea: Speed ​​Keling 600 times plus love 600 times plus 1000 times spray.
5. Leaf mold. 600 times in the list and 3000 times in the city, it is 1000 times more spray.
6. Viral disease: anti-drug abundance 300 times plus small leaf enemy 500 times plus Shuo Jin 808 a small packet spray.
7. Ulcer disease. Daliang 600 times plus fast complement 600 times to harm the vertical 1000 times spray.
8. Fusarium wilt: Taisen 500 times galaxal copper 600 times root irrigation or with a spray to prevent.

Symptoms of tomato trace element deficiency

1. Nitrogen deficiency: Old leaves are chlorotic to yellow or light green, and plants grow slowly.
2. Phosphorus deficiency: chlorotic and purple-red seedling growth between stems and veins is blocked.
3. Potassium deficiency: The chlorotic edge of the old leaf veins turns yellow or the curly fruit is slowly colored.
4. Magnesium deficiency: chlorosis between leaves and veins grows densely yellow mottled leaves, especially in old leaves.
5. Calcium deficiency: The young leaves grow dry and produce umbilical rot.
6. Boron deficiency: easy to cause yellowing or necrosis of growth points, difficult to fruit, easy to crack fruit.
7. Iron deficiency: the leaves of young leaves are chlorotic and yellow, and the veins remain green.

Tomatoes commonly used hormones, regulators, micro-fertilizers, foliar fertilizers

1. 2.4-D: The flower must be used, and the dosage is changed according to the temperature change.
2. Gibberellin: 1 kg of water can be used to increase fruit setting and swelling.
3. Tomato promoter: It can effectively control the growth of plants and enhance the production of nutrients to flowers and fruits.
4. Shuojin 808: Enhance plant strength, increase fruit surface dark green, increase fruit weight and increase yield.
5. Kang Ludan: It has special effects on repairing yellow leaves, rolled leaves, mosaic leaves and rotten roots of tomatoes.
6. Green Wind 95: Advanced foliar fertilizer, which can be used to relieve phytotoxicity and restore growth.
7. Cytokinin: activates physiological cell division, enhances fruit set, restores leaf green, and promotes flower bud growth.
8. Baoying: Flowering during flowering can greatly increase the fruit setting rate, and the spraying of young fruit can accelerate the expansion of fruit.
9. Merrill Calcium: The most effective calcium is the special effect of preventing and treating physiological diseases caused by iron deficiency.
10. Xerox Boron: Spraying flowers at flowering stage to improve fruit setting rate and prevent cracking fruit.

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