Mountain viticulture techniques
Garden soil preparation Deep turning ripening: The whole park is deep-turned in autumn one year before planting, with a depth of 50 cm. If it is not possible to carry out the whole garden deep turning, the planting ditch or planting hole should be dug, with a depth of 50-80 cm and a width of 60-80 cm. Fertilization: Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizers and conditional fertilizers can be used. The application amount of organic fertilizer is more than 5 tons per mu; the amount of fertilizer applied is 30-40 kg of ammonium nitrate per mu, 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer, and 25 kg of potassium chloride. The depth of application is less than about 30 cm. Calibration planting points: According to the garden planning, determine the community roads, use the theodolite to measure the positions of the rows and hit the stakes, and connect the end-point stakes to the row position. Colonization Excavation and backfilling of planting cavities Time: In the fall of the year before planting. Method: With the deep turning of the garden, it can be done at the same time. Planting ditch generally requires a depth of 50 to 80 cm and a width of 60 to 80 cm. In the fertile soil and deep soil, the planting hole can also be excavated. A square or circle 60×60 cm wide and 50 cm deep is required. The specific method is: the surface layer of mature soil and the lower layer of raw soil are stacked on both sides of the pile. When backfilling, the topsoil shall be backfilled, and the topsoil shall be insufficient. The topsoil between the rows may be filled to two thirds of the full furrow, and the organic fertilizer will be mixed into the mature soil. The upper floor or spread to the line. After the filling, the planting ditch is higher than the interline. Planting density, rack type and erection of pillars 1. Density: According to the successful experience of many years of experiments, for the early shaping of the vineyards in the mountains and early high-yield production, single-wall hedgerows, spacing of 1 meter, spacing of 2.5 meters are generally used. Frame: Cement rack or wood column. Cement frame column: 10 cm × 10 cm, 260 (280) cm long square column, cast with cement and steel bars. Wooden pillars: Small heads of 10 to 12 centimeters in length and 260 (280) centimeters in length can be used for about 5 years. The erection of the pillars: It is best to complete before the seedlings are planted, the spacing between the columns is 6 meters, the depth of the side columns is 80 centimeters, and the middle column is 60 centimeters. The specific method is: first buried column, after the buried column. After the frame column is placed in the pit to be adjusted, it is compacted on the side of soil and reaches the vertical and solid basis. After all the columns have been erected, they are on-line in all directions. The side posts are supported at an angle of 45 degrees with another frame. Cultivation period and technology Cultivation period: Mountain grapes are suitable for planting in spring. The specific time for planting the seedlings depends on the local climate conditions. Planting technology: Seedlings soaked in water: Seedlings were soaked in fresh water for 12-24 hours before planting. The seedlings were immersed in water. Planting: First, dig and plant a hole, in the fall of the last year has been deep-ripening section, smooth planting belt, according to the calibrated plant spacing dig a diameter of 40 cm, a depth of 30 cm circular planting hole, the center point of the hole is the seedlings position. Secondly, the soil excavated in the planting hole was added with 5 pounds of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer per hole, and then filled back into half of the cave. The central bulge was a sturdy, strong step, and the ground level was about 15 cm. Put the selected seedlings into the center of the hole and allow the root system to stretch around. The new tip will be bent towards the rack surface. The remaining soil will be broken up and buried on the root. The seedlings will be gently shaken, and a circle with a diameter of 50 cm around the seedling will be used. Water tray, irrigated with water. After the water infiltrate, the soil of the water tray will be leveled and a small mound of seedlings will be planted to completely contain the above-ground parts of the seedlings. Cultivars with male and female strains The cultivars of V. amurensis Rupr. include the female flower "Zuo Shan Yi", "Zuo Shan Er", and the bisexual flower "Shuangfeng" and "Double Red". Female flowers and hermaphroditic flowers are planted in a ratio of 2:1 when planting. Generally, the middle row is planted with bisexual flowers in each of the 3 rows, and the 2nd row is female flowers. The cultivars of V.quinquangularis Rehd. are female flowers and male flowers. Female and male flowers are planted in an 8:1 ratio at the time of cultivation. Generally, the second, fifth, eighth, and eleventh rows in the middle row of three rows are planted; male flowers are planted, and others are female flowers. The cultivars (lines) of V. davidii Roman.Foex are female flower and hermaphroditic flower 'Tang-wei thorn grape'. Female flowers and hermaphroditic flowers are planted in a ratio of 2:1 when planting. Generally, the middle row is planted with bisexual flowers in each of the 3 rows, and the 2nd row is female flowers. All quality flowers and traits with good quality can be planted in a single variety, which is the same as that of a grape such as Cabernet Sauvignon. Colonization of the year of management Soil management In order to ensure the vigorous growth of seedlings, the whole park will be ploughed and planted suitable for low-lying crops. Throughout the year, more than 4 to 5 times of cultivating and weeding were carried out to keep the soil of the grape planting belt (within 1.5 meters in width) free from weeds. Two dressings were performed. After the seedlings became alive for the first time, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer and potash fertilizer were applied. The second time the plant grew vigorously from July to August, topdressing with phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer. Plant management New shoot management About 10 days after the planting of the tree, when the buds begin to germinate, the mound for protecting the seedlings is flattened. After sprouting, three strong buds are selected to form new shoots and the excess buds are erased. When the new shoots reach 15 centimeters in length, they will be inserted into the pillars or bamboo poles, one for each new shoot, and the new ones will be tied to the rack for growth. By mid-August, it is necessary to remove new shoots and promote the growth and maturity of new shoots, so that shoots full. Control pest insects With the newly established large-area mountain vineyards, new shoots are young and small in quantity, field inspections must be strengthened, and pests and diseases must be discovered. Effective prevention and control measures must be taken in time. Management of Young Mountain Vineyard (A), pruning Mountain grapes can be fixed main vines, with or without stem dry shaping method, the specific shaping process is as follows: Single-wall hedge trimming method is: the planting seedlings left two new shoots growing up in the year, three mature shoots after the fall of autumn leaves, constitute a fixed main vines in the future, generally cut at full maturity in bud eyes, height of about 60-70 cm. After the second year of sprouting, when the branches and buds within 30 centimeters from the ground are picked up and picked up, there will be a stout new shoot left on each section of the mother branch. The twin branches should be wiped out by the weak, leaving 1-3 leaves on the side shoots. Pick up the hearts and shoot at the 8-10 spots. In mid-August, the tip of the extension tip was picked. After the second year of winter deciduous leaves, the annual branches of each main vine left 2-3 buds for short shoot trimming, and the extension branches left 8-10 buds with a length of 60-70 cm. After the third year of spring sprouting, the secondary shoot treatment is the same as the second year. After the autumn leaves are pruned in winter, the length of the branches is increased by about 0.6 to 0.8 meters, and the length of the mother branches is 2 to 3 knots. In order for the saplings to be dominated by long trees, do not overdo the results. On the side vines still retain the result of the lowermost (closest to the main vine) mother twigs, leaving 2-3 bud short cuts, etc. The results of the group's updated pruning method were performed on the side vines. In the fourth year of pruning, the prolonged branch continued to prolong the pruning. In the same year as the third year, the pruning was completed. Its trimming pattern is shown in Figure 36. (b) Summer shelf management Young Mountain Vineyards, summer management of the trellis include buds, secondary shoots, tendrils, tendrils, new toppings, and foliage protection. 1, wipe buds: 2, secondary tip processing: 3, in addition to tendrils: the tendrils growing from the new shoot must be removed at any time. 4. Tips for Topping: The new shoots will be picked up at 10 points, and the tip will be picked up at 10-15 knots. When the second tip is growing vigorously, it will be picked up for the second time. 5, branches and vines lead: extension branches to be tied to the frame before the growth. Weak branches will be tied to the front of the rack, and branches that grow stronger will be tied to the level or even sag to grow. (c) Soil Management: Soil and water conservation Mainly in the rainy season of July-August to carry out the repair work of soil and water conservation works, pay attention to digging drainage ditch to exclude the park's stagnant water. Fertilizer Basal fertilizer: Starting from the year of planting seedlings, it will be carried out once a year in the autumn. On the side of the grape planting line, close to the groove of the original planting tree, dig deep and 40 centimeters wide, and bury it after fertilizing. In the second year, on the other side of the line, dig 40 cm in the same depth and depth by planting trench walls. In the third year, fertilization outside the fertilization is applied in the first year, fertilization is applied in the second year outside the trenches in the fourth year, and the fifth year begins. The basal fertilizer is generally applied after mid-September, before the soil is frozen. Top-dressing: Top dressing twice a year after being transplanted into the harvest season. After the first budding, before the vigorous growth of new shoots, nitrogen fertilizer and potash fertilizer were applied in the upper and middle of May. The second time the new shoots grew vigorously in the late growth period, and the new shoots matured in the middle and late July. Irrigation: The amount of irrigation water should be flexibly applied according to the soil quality and degree of drought. Generally, the irrigation volume of each plant is about 200 pounds. When there is irrigation condition, it is best to apply water five times a year. That is, the germination period, before flowering, after flowering, the fruit begins to color, the soil begins. Before freezing. (4) Loose soil weeding: More than 5 times of loose soil weeding will be carried out every year, so that the whole garden will reach loose soil without weeds and loose soil. Zhejiang Haisheng Medical Device Co., Ltd , https://www.hisernmedical.com
Land formation