Tomatoes are thermophilic crops that are highly sensitive to temperature. Both excessively high and low temperatures can significantly hinder growth, and in severe cases, even lead to plant death. Understanding the temperature requirements at different growth stages is essential for optimal tomato cultivation.
1. **Temperature Needs During Different Growth Stages**
(1) **Germination Stage**: Tomato seeds require a warm environment for germination, ideally between 25-30°C. The fastest germination occurs at 28°C, while temperatures below 11°C will slow down the process significantly.
(2) **Seedling Stage**: The ideal temperature range is 20-25°C. Temperatures above 35°C can halt growth, while prolonged exposure to 6-7°C or short-term exposure to 0-3°C may be tolerated. However, temperatures above 40°C stop growth entirely, and above 45°C cause necrosis. Seedlings can benefit from controlled low-temperature acclimation at around 10°C, which helps improve cold resistance and prevents legginess.
(3) **Flowering Stage**: Tomatoes are very sensitive during this period. Daytime temperatures should be 20-25°C, and nighttime temperatures 15-20°C. Lower night temperatures can promote earlier flower bud differentiation, while temperatures below 15°C or above 32°C delay it, reduce flower count, and increase flower drop. A temperature difference of 5-10°C between day and night is ideal for proper flower development.
(4) **Fruit Development Stage**: The ideal temperature range is 20-25°C, with a minimum of 5°C and a maximum of 35°C. High temperatures accelerate fruit color change but reduce lycopene content, leading to poor coloration. Temperatures above 32°C can also reduce fruit set and cause premature fruit drop. Night temperatures higher than daytime temperatures may hinder nutrient accumulation and lead to empty fruits.
2. **Organ-Specific Temperature Requirements**
(1) **Roots**: The best soil temperature for root growth is 20-22°C. Below 13°C, root function declines, and below 6°C, nutrient absorption is blocked. Soil temperatures above 36°C stop root hair growth, and over 38°C halt root elongation.
(2) **Stems and Leaves**: The minimum temperature for growth is 8°C, with an optimal range of 26-28°C and a maximum of 38°C.
(3) **Flower Bud Development**: Flower buds typically form 25-30 days after sowing under suitable conditions. Accumulated temperatures of about 600°C are needed for the first inflorescence to develop. A temperature difference of 24°C during the day and 17°C at night is ideal. High temperatures may speed up bud formation but reduce flower quality, while low temperatures can increase flower numbers and improve flowering rates.
(4) **Pollination and Fertilization**: Tomato flowers are sensitive to temperature, especially 5-9 days before blooming. Temperatures below 15°C or above 35°C can damage floral organs, leading to malformed fruits. Pollen germination is most effective at 21°C, and extreme temperatures can cause pollen failure and flower drop. Greenhouse tomatoes often use growth stimulants to encourage parthenocarpic fruiting, resulting in seedless fruits.
During the fruiting stage, maintaining a daytime temperature of 25-28°C and a nighttime temperature of 12-17°C promotes healthy fruit development. High temperatures can speed up fruit growth but reduce fruit set, while low nighttime temperatures hinder nutrient accumulation. Finally, during fruit coloring, temperatures above 30°C can inhibit lycopene production, affecting fruit color and marketability.
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