Tomatoes are thermophilic plants that are highly sensitive to temperature. Both excessively high and low temperatures can severely hinder their growth, and in extreme cases, lead to plant death. Understanding the temperature requirements at different growth stages is essential for successful tomato cultivation.
During the germination stage, tomato seeds require a warm environment, ideally between 25-30°C, with the fastest germination occurring at 28°C. If the temperature drops below 11°C, germination becomes very slow. In the seedling stage, the ideal temperature range is 20-25°C. High temperatures above 35°C can cause elongated, weak seedlings, while temperatures as low as 6-7°C can be tolerated for longer periods. Short-term exposure to 0-3°C may also be possible. However, temperatures above 40°C will stop growth entirely, and at 45°C, necrosis occurs. Low-temperature acclimation during the seedling stage helps improve cold resistance and promotes strong, compact growth, typically around 10°C.
During the flowering stage, tomatoes are especially sensitive. The ideal daytime temperature is 20-25°C, and nighttime should be 15-20°C. Lower night temperatures (below 15°C) or higher than 32°C can delay flower bud development, reduce the number of flowers per inflorescence, and increase flower drop. For optimal flower bud formation, the night temperature should be 5-10°C cooler than the day. If the night temperature is higher, it can negatively affect flower development.
For fruit development, the ideal temperature range is 20-25°C, with minimum and maximum limits of 5°C and 35°C, respectively. Temperatures above 32°C can speed up fruit growth but reduce fruit set and lycopene production, resulting in poor color and quality. At temperatures below 10°C, lycopene synthesis is disrupted, and fruits fail to turn red properly. Night temperatures above the daytime can also hinder nutrient accumulation, leading to underdeveloped or empty fruits.
Different parts of the plant have varying temperature needs. Root growth thrives best at 20-22°C, which supports nutrient uptake and nitrate conversion. Roots function poorly below 13°C, and growth stops at temperatures below 8°C or above 36°C. For stems and leaves, the ideal temperature is 26-28°C, with a maximum of 38°C.
Flower bud differentiation depends on accumulated heat units. From sowing to the first inflorescence, about 600°C of heat is needed. Higher temperatures can speed up this process but may reduce flower quality, while lower temperatures can result in more buds and better flowering rates. Daytime temperatures of 24°C and nighttime of 17°C are ideal. High night temperatures above 30°C can lead to malformed flowers.
During pollination and fertilization, temperatures between 20-30°C are ideal. Temperatures below 15°C or above 35°C can damage floral organs and cause flower drop. Pollen germination works best at 21°C, and extreme temperatures can cause physiological issues. Greenhouse tomatoes often use growth stimulants to promote parthenocarpic fruiting without seeds.
In summary, maintaining proper temperature conditions throughout the growth cycle is crucial for healthy tomato plants, good yield, and high-quality fruit. By carefully managing temperature, growers can maximize productivity and ensure the best results.
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