Identification of several feed additives
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Fishmeal is a high-quality protein source widely used in animal feed due to its balanced amino acid profile. High-quality fishmeal has a rich, natural flavor, no burnt or rancid smell, a uniform color, a loose texture, and no visible foreign particles. When mixed with livestock waste or blood meal, it develops a strong rancid odor, and under visual inspection, it may show substances resembling "pepper noodles" or "coal dust." If fishmeal is contaminated with sand or soil, it will leave residue when washed with water.
Methionine is an essential amino acid required for the growth of livestock. DL-methionine appears as a white or light yellow crystalline powder with a distinct odor, slightly sweet in taste, and soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, but only slightly soluble in water and nearly insoluble in alcohol. When burned on a piece of foil, pure methionine should completely combust without leaving any residue.
L-lysine (hydrochloride) is another essential amino acid that often limits the nutritional value of plant-based feeds. L-lysine is a light brown powder with a mild odor, easily dissolving in water but not in alcohol or ether. The hydrochloride form is typically odorless. Its ash content should be below 0.3%, so after burning, there should be minimal residue.
Feed yeast is a microbial feed supplement rich in nutrients vital for animal growth, particularly lysine. It has high biological activity and energy efficiency. Good quality feed yeast has a characteristic yeast aroma, appearing as a powdery or granular substance ranging from egg-white to brown. Adulterated yeast often has an unusual smell. A simple test involves washing the yeast with water; if only low-protein materials remain, it may be adulterated with substances like feather meal, limestone powder, cornmeal, bran, or dyed fake yeast.
Dicalcium phosphate is commonly used as a calcium and phosphorus supplement in animal feed due to its ideal 3:2 ratio of calcium to phosphorus. It appears as a gray or white powder, odorless and tasteless, soluble in acids but almost insoluble in water and alcohol. High-quality dicalcium phosphate dissolves completely in hydrochloric acid, while adulterated versions leave significant sediment at the bottom.
Wheat middlings, also known as sub-powder, are by-products of flour production and are often used as carriers in feed premixes. They can be identified by measuring their sediment content or checking their specific gravity. Their bulk density is generally below 1.5 g/ml, while mineral additives have higher densities, usually above 2 g/ml. Adulterated wheat middlings feel unusually dense and do not match their volume, and they can also be tested by washing with water.
Cake and cake-like products are high-protein feed ingredients, essential for poultry and livestock nutrition. However, some adulterated cakes may contain non-natural substances such as grass flour, corn flour, or peanut shells. To detect this, a small amount of cake can be soaked in water and then treated with iodine solution. If it turns blue, it indicates the presence of starch, which could lead to digestive issues, diarrhea, or even death in animals.