Grasping "Five Preventions"
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Silkworms are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, and due to factors such as high temperatures, the presence of various pathogens, rapid reproduction of mulberry pests, and heavy pesticide contamination, it is essential for silkworm farmers to implement the "five key prevention measures" in order to ensure healthy silkworm development and maximize cocoon production.
1. **Prevent High Temperatures**
The ideal temperature for silkworm growth varies depending on their instar stage, typically ranging between 24°C and 27°C. However, during late June to mid-July, indoor temperatures often exceed 30°C, which can negatively impact silkworm development. To counter this, farmers should create a more favorable microclimate by using cooling methods such as placing young larvae (1st to 3rd instar) on a trampoline to keep them cool. After feeding, doors and windows should be closed to prevent hot air from entering. Additionally, shading the silkworm room with pergolas, covering the roof with grass, or spraying well water inside while using fans to circulate air can help maintain a cooler environment.
2. **Prevent Hunger**
High temperatures accelerate silkworm growth, so it's important to increase the amount or frequency of mulberry leaf feeding accordingly. This not only supports faster development but also helps improve the yield of silkworm cocoons. Ensuring consistent and adequate nutrition is crucial during this period.
3. **Prevent Disease**
Before starting the rearing process, silkworm eggs must be thoroughly disinfected. After sterilization, they should be exposed for 3–4 days to eliminate any remaining pathogens. During the rearing period, regular disinfection with fresh lime powder or disease prevention agents like "Disease No. 1" is recommended. Adding antibiotics such as chloramphenicol or insecticides like "Gram" can help control bacterial and viral diseases. It’s also important to avoid feeding silkworms wet leaves, which can promote disease spread.
4. **Pest Control**
To manage pests effectively, a 25% dimethoate emulsion diluted at 1500 times can be sprayed on the opposite side of mulberry leaves 4–5 days before rearing to kill red spiders. Similarly, an 80% dichlorvos emulsion diluted at 2000 times can be applied twice to control mulberry caterpillars. These steps help maintain the quality of the leaves and reduce the risk of cross-infection among silkworms.
5. **Prevent Pesticide Poisoning**
When applying pesticides in nearby fields, farmers must pay attention to wind direction to avoid contaminating mulberry leaves. Insecticides should not be used near silkworm crops, and if necessary, a test feeding should be conducted first to ensure safety. If silkworms show signs of poisoning, they should be removed immediately, and fed fresh, non-toxic mulberry leaves. Alternatively, mulberry leaves can be sprayed with a 1% lime solution or a 500-times dilution of adrenaline to aid in detoxification.
By following these five preventive measures, silkworm farmers can significantly improve the health and productivity of their silkworms, leading to better yields and higher-quality cocoons.