Hong Yateng Pepper Cultivation Technology

Green Pepper Cultivation Management Technology

Green pepper, also known as rattan pepper, is a versatile plant that thrives in various soil types, including limestone, mountain soils, and sandy soils. It has strong drought resistance and can survive in less fertile conditions. Its shallow root system allows it to grow well in different environments. The plant has a high sprouting capacity, which makes it resilient to pruning and suitable for long-term cultivation.

(a) Growth Period

Rattan pepper typically starts germinating in late February and fully sprouts by early March in our region. The growth cycle lasts about 130 days, with the fruit maturing between mid-July and early August in the dam hill areas.

(b) Bud Characteristics

1. Rattan pepper buds show significant variation. The lower part of the terminal shoots usually has three to four full buds that are easy to sprout into branches. However, the quality of the shoots decreases from top to bottom, affecting branch size, leaf count, and fruit yield.

2. Early maturation of buds. Rattan pepper buds mature quickly. Under forced conditions, such as artificial defoliation or pest damage, secondary buds can be induced.

3. Budding and branching force. The budding potential of rattan pepper is generally strong, especially at the tips of the shoots.

4. Bud potential. There are many hidden buds on the main trunk and lower branches, some of which can remain dormant for one to several years. These buds help rejuvenate old trees when needed.

5. Bud differentiation. Flower bud formation occurs after the fruit reaches its rapid growth phase. Proper use of NPK fertilizer can enhance fruit quality, yield, and flower bud development.

6. Types of buds. Rattan pepper buds can be classified into leaf buds, flower buds, and mixed buds. Leaf buds produce leaves, flower buds form flowers, and mixed buds do both.

(c) Branch Characteristics

1. Branch composition. Rattan pepper has four types of branches: vegetative shoots, fruiting branches, leafy branches, and leggy branches.

2. Apical dominance. Rattan pepper has strong apical dominance, meaning the top shoot grows more vigorously than those below.

3. Vertical growth and layering. The vertical growth of rattan pepper is strong, with upper branches growing faster than horizontal ones. In natural conditions, the tree develops a cup-shaped or plexiform structure with clear layers.

4. Branch growth. New shoots begin to grow when the daily temperature reaches around 10°C. There are two growth peaks per year: one during the fruit-setting period and another during fruit ripening.

(d) Flowering Habits

1. Fruit-bearing branches and cross-pollination. Most flower buds are mixed buds. After planting for 3–5 years, the plant enters full fruiting. Self-pollination does not require pollination trees.

2. Flower and fruit drop. There are two physiological drops of fruits each year. The first happens one month after flowering, accounting for over 90% of total fruit loss.

3. Fruit growth and development. After rapid fruit expansion in April–May, the growth slows down. Fruits harden and mature by mid-to-late July.

(v) Root Growth Characteristics

1. Roots at different depths. Rattan pepper has shallow roots, with the main root system found in the 20–80 cm soil layer. Soil type affects root depth—shallow in heavy clay and deep in loose sand.

2. Root growth dynamics. Rattan pepper roots start growing at 3–5°C, earlier than above-ground shoots. There are three root growth peaks annually.

Second, Rattan Pepper Cultivation Management Technology

(a) Seedling Production

1. Seed collection and processing. Select healthy mother trees aged around 10 years. Collect ripe fruits and dry them naturally. Soak seeds in water with disinfectants like Kakitobuzin or Doin to prevent diseases.

2. Seedling site selection. Choose well-drained, ventilated areas with good soil quality. Avoid waterlogged regions.

3. Seedbed preparation. Ensure the soil is loose and fertile. Deep plowing and leveling improve soil structure and moisture retention.

4. Sowing time and method. Autumn sowing is preferred to reduce seed storage needs. Spring sowing is also common, depending on local climate.

5. Post-sowing management. Regular watering, fertilization, weeding, and pest control are essential. Mulching helps maintain soil moisture and temperature.

6. Soil loosening and weeding. Loosening the soil improves aeration and reduces competition from weeds.

7. Pest control. Use insecticides like trichlorfon to manage underground pests. Spray foliar treatments to control leaf insects.

8. Container seedlings. Using paper or plastic bags for seedling production is an effective method.

(B) Vegetative Propagation

1. Grafting techniques. Use wild saplings as rootstocks. Common grafting methods include bud grafting and cleft grafting.

III. Orchard Construction and Management

(a) Site selection. Choose sunny slopes or semi-shady areas with gentle slopes. Avoid steep slopes over 25 degrees.

(b) Planting period and density. Plant in spring or winter. Density varies based on soil quality and slope.

(c) Planting method. Prepare nests with appropriate spacing. Add organic fertilizer and phosphate to the planting holes. Ensure roots are not directly exposed to fertilizer.

(d) Intercropping. Grow compatible crops like soybeans or vegetables to improve soil fertility and increase income.

(e) Fertilization. Apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium through organic and inorganic sources. Young trees benefit from livestock manure and urea, while mature trees need compound fertilizers.

(6) Flower and fruit maintenance. Ensure proper irrigation and apply foliar sprays to improve drought resistance.

(7) Pruning. Prune after harvest to improve light exposure and promote flower bud formation. Remove dead, diseased, or weak branches.

IV. Pest and Disease Control

(I) Diseases

1. Root rot. Prevent by planting in well-drained areas. Treat with thiophanate-methyl.

2. Dry rot. Remove affected branches and spray with fungicides.

3. Brown spot disease. Apply fungicides early to prevent spread.

(b) Insect pests

1. Swallowtail butterfly. Manually remove adults or spray insecticides.

2. Locusts. Use insecticides during early stages of infestation.

3. Tianniu. Remove larvae manually or inject insecticides into tunnels.

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