In recent years, farmers in Liu Village, Xiaocheng Town, Hancheng Town, Fengrun District, Tangshan City have successfully implemented the "Efficient Cultivation Model of Cabbage, Green Pepper, and Cucumber," achieving impressive results. The first crop of cabbage yielded 4,000 kg in early spring, generating an income of 5,000 yuan. The second crop of green peppers produced 5,000 kg, bringing in 4,000 yuan. The third crop of cucumbers reached 3,000 kg, with an income of 2,000 yuan. After deducting a total cost of 3,500 yuan, the net income amounted to 7,500 yuan. This model has proven to be both productive and profitable for local farmers.
The key techniques used in this cultivation system include:
1. **Cabbage Seedling Raising**: Farmers selected disease-resistant, early-maturing, and high-yield varieties such as 8398, Zhonggan No. 11, and Primula. Seedlings were started from mid-November to early December. A seedbed of 10 square meters was prepared using 20 kg of composted manure, 5 kg of chicken manure, and 3 kg of calcium phosphate. After sowing, daytime temperatures were maintained at 20–25°C, while nighttime temperatures were kept between 5–10°C. Once the seedlings emerged, they were gradually hardened off by lowering the temperature to 10–15°C during the day and 2–7°C at night. Watering was limited to avoid overgrowth before winter.
By mid-December, when the seedlings had two leaves and one heart, they were transplanted. After transplanting, the temperature was raised to 15–20°C, then reduced to 10–15°C after the plants acclimated.
2. **Transplanting**: Transplanting of cabbage took place from mid-January to early February. The soil was finely tilled, and 3,000–4,000 kg of organic fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer, along with 60 kg of compound fertilizer. Raised beds were made, 2.5 meters wide, covered with a 4-meter-wide small arch shed. Cabbages were planted in east-west rows, with six rows per bed, spaced 35 cm apart, totaling 3,800–4,000 plants per mu.
3. **Cultivation Management**: After transplanting, immediate watering was done. During the seedling stage, ventilation was introduced when the greenhouse temperature reached 18–22°C to adjust the seedlings. One or two times of loosening were carried out during the lotus period. During the filling period, two top-dressings were applied with 20 kg of nanopaste and 25 kg of compound fertilizer dissolved in water per mu. Watering was done every 10–15 days depending on soil moisture. By mid-March to early April, when the cabbages weighed 1–1.5 kg, they were ready for market.
4. **Green Pepper Seedling Raising**: High-yield, disease-resistant varieties like Zhongjiao 7 and Jingtian 2 were chosen, and seedlings were grown from late October to November, taking about 120 days to mature.
5. **Transplanting Green Peppers**: From late April to May 1st, after harvesting cabbages, green peppers were transplanted. Four to five rows were planted between cabbage rows, with a spacing of 40 cm, resulting in 3,000 plants per mu. 40–50 kg of compound fertilizer was sprinkled per acre.
6. **Pepper Management**: After planting, the first fertilization was applied on sunny days, combining 20 kg of nanopaste and 25 kg of compound fertilizer with irrigation. Each time peppers were harvested, a top-dressing was given every 7–10 days. Greenhouse temperatures were kept below 30°C, with gradual ventilation. Daytime temperatures were controlled between 25–30°C, and nighttime temperatures between 10–15°C. When outdoor conditions allowed, protective structures were removed to prevent overheating and reduce flower and fruit drop.
In mid-June, when fruit set decreased, additional care was taken with fertilization and irrigation, including foliar sprays and bactericides to protect against diseases and promote root growth.
7. **Disease Control**: Virus disease was managed using A500 liquid, while anthracnose was treated with 600–800 times dilution of tetromycin or 800–1000 times of thiophanate-methyl.
8. **Autumn Cucumber Cultivation**: Heat-resistant and disease-resistant varieties like Tang Qiu 1 and Cuiguan were selected. After the last harvest (late July to early August), 7,500 kg of composted manure, 1,000 kg of chicken manure, 40 kg of superphosphate, and 100 kg of wood ash were applied. The soil was deeply turned and leveled.
9. **Sowing Cucumbers**: Dry seeds were sown in furrows spaced 50 cm apart, with a depth of 3–4 cm. If the soil was dry, it was watered before sowing. Seeds were planted 25 cm apart, with three seeds per hill.
10. **Cucumber Management**: Before the vines grew, frequent weeding and drainage were necessary to prevent waterlogging. Foliar sprays of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.1% zinc sulfate were applied every 7–8 days. Top-dressing with compound fertilizer was done alongside watering, usually 10–20 kg per mu. Weeding and pruning were performed regularly to improve air circulation and light penetration.
11. **Pest and Disease Prevention**: Summer and autumn are prone to downy mildew, powdery mildew, bacterial angular spot, blight, and pests like locusts and red spiders. Integrated pest management strategies were used, combining chemical treatments with cultural practices to ensure healthy growth.
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In the Arbas region of 105° east longitude and 40° north latitude where the temperature fluctuation between day and night can reach 50 degrees in winter, there is an essential native goat breed, the purebred Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat, which features thin and soft hair, a pair of horns and pink ears. Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat looks small yet are the nobles of goats.
The famous Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat, as a rare breed living in the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia, is concentrated in Otog Banner, Otog Front Banner and Hanggin Banner in the western part of the Plateau. Sumu, Arbas, Otog Banner is the primary production area of Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat for its favorable natural environment, with Arbas Mountain in the west, vast natural pasture in the center and desert steppe in the south. The semi-arid steppe climate provides excellent conditions for animal husbandry.
Due to its location in the desert steppe, the area is dry and windy with little rainfall and much sand. The temperature difference between day and night is extremely high, and the annual average temperature is 6.4 °C. In the long, cold and dry winter, the lowest temperature reaches -30°C to -40°C late at night, while in the short, hot and arid summer, the highest temperature is 36.4°C and the lowest -32°C, with annual precipitation between 200mm to 400mm. The adorable, lovely and lively Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat grows in such extremely harsh conditions, thus can produce rare and quality cashmere.
Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat`s two coats are pure white. The top layer or outer coat is bright and coarse guard hair to protect the undercoat that is softer and finer down. The quality of the cashmere fleece is determined by three indicators: the diameter, length, and density of cashmere fibers. Due to its unique genes, Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat has a superiority that can never be duplicated. Its secondary hair follicle is smaller than those of other goats, and its cashmere has an average diameter between 13μm to 15 μm. It can even produce cashmere with a perfect diameter of 14.5μm, with a pure cashmere content of over 55%, which is unique worldwide. The preciousness of cashmere results from the small amount of production of each goat. Therefore, Inner Mongolian Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat was officially named by the People`s Government of Autonomous Region in 1988 and was listed on the National Register for the Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources as Class-1 protected breed by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2001.
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