When selecting the type of motor, it is essential to consider the local power supply conditions. In areas with a reliable electrical supply, squirrel-cage motors are typically preferred due to their simplicity and efficiency. However, in situations where the power network has limited capacity and cannot reliably start a squirrel-cage motor, a wound-rotor motor may be considered. The motor's protection class should match the environment: open-type for dry and dusty areas, totally enclosed for splash-prone environments, and sealed for flooded locations.
For pumps operating under continuous and uniform loads, the motor should be selected based on a continuous duty cycle. Its speed should align with the pump’s requirements to allow direct starting, or an indirect drive system with a closer speed ratio can be used if necessary. While precise power calculations are crucial for high-power pumps, small agricultural pumps can often rely on past experience. Generally, the motor’s power should be 1.0 to 1.3 times that of the pump. For internal combustion engines, the power should be 1.3 to 1.5 times the required power of the agricultural machinery. Over-sizing leads to energy waste, while under-sizing can cause damage due to overload or insufficient power.
If existing power equipment is available, it should be fully utilized. When purchasing new agricultural water pumps, it's advisable to ensure compatibility with the existing power source. In fixed installations, motors should operate between 75% and 100% of their rated power. A diesel engine with a full-speed governor can adjust its output within its operational range, allowing for reduced speed and power consumption when needed.
The rated speed of the motor must match the pump’s requirements. However, asynchronous motors usually have a synchronous speed of at least 500 rpm, so low-speed pumps require a speed reduction device. The motor’s rated voltage should match the grid voltage. Three-phase asynchronous motors can function normally within ±10% to -5% of their rated voltage. In rural areas, the low-voltage grid typically operates at 220V/380V, so most small and medium-sized motors are designed for low voltage. Single-phase motors usually have a rated voltage of 220V, while three-phase motors are rated at 380V.
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