In Shandong province, the spring cotton that was previously covered with plastic film has now entered the critical phase of vegetative and reproductive growth, starting from early June. At this stage, the cotton plants are not only establishing strong roots, growing branches, and developing leaves, but also forming buds, creating a dense canopy. Effective field management is essential to maintain bud stability and control excessive vegetative growth, laying a solid foundation for early fruit setting and high yield potential.
During this period, the cotton plants require consistent fertilization and irrigation, as it marks the most rapid above-ground growth phase. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium during the bud stage accounts for 32.37%, 33.79%, and 32.68% of the total nutrient absorption throughout the entire growth cycle. If sufficient base fertilizer was applied initially, the plants should grow vigorously without additional fertilizer. However, if bud growth appears weak, it’s important to identify the cause promptly and take corrective action to avoid compromising yield potential. For instance, if there is a nitrogen deficiency, organic fertilizers can be supplemented, and the soil can be deeply tilled. If the nutrient deficiency is not evident, the timing of flowering can be adjusted to occur later in the bud stage. When the soil moisture drops below 55% of the maximum field capacity, drip irrigation or small water applications (about 25 cubic meters per acre) should be used instead of flood irrigation. This helps replenish soil moisture while also providing a beneficial water-fertilizer effect.
The role of the mulch film during the breaking stage is mainly in the early fertility phase. It should be removed as soon as possible, depending on soil conditions, plant development, and weather. Removing the film helps control the length and number of shallow roots, encouraging deeper root development once the root system is partially broken. This promotes stronger, more extensive root growth, which is crucial for healthy plant development, increased branching, more bolls, reduced shedding, and delayed aging. The best time to break the film is during the middle to late bud stage. First, use a tool to cut the film and dry the surface soil, allowing a dry layer to form gradually. After 2 to 3 days, perform the first cultivation, keeping the depth between 3 to 5 cm. A second cultivation should be done 5 to 7 days later, increasing the depth to 8 cm. If the row spacing exceeds 70 cm, the depth can be gradually increased to 10 cm. Before the membrane breaking, the field was already cultivated multiple times, and the row spacing was wider. In such cases, the cultivator should go 2 cm deeper than the previous breaking depth. On this basis, two rounds of soil cultivation can protect the roots and improve the microclimate in the cotton field. This also increases the light exposure area, reduces boll rot, and facilitates better irrigation and drainage. All earthwork should be completed before the rainy season begins. It's important to cultivate gradually, avoiding deep tilling all at once, which could damage the root system and lead to premature aging. Additionally, after rain or irrigation, especially following flowering, shallow cultivation (3 to 4 cm deep) is recommended to maintain soil structure and support plant health.
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