In recent years, rice cultivation has faced challenges due to soil degradation and nutrient imbalance. Long-term farming practices have led to a deficiency in essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as micronutrients like magnesium, boron, zinc, iron, and silicon. This imbalance weakens the health of rice plants, making them more susceptible to pests and diseases. To address this, it is crucial to enrich the soil with micronutrients. Various products are available on the market, including zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, borax, and silicon-based fertilizers. These can be applied as base fertilizers or used during the green-up stage of rice growth. For instance, applying 8–10 kg of ferrous sulfate-based micro-fertilizer per mu (approximately 667 square meters) not only helps adjust soil pH but also enhances soil structure, improves plant resistance, and reduces disease incidence.
Another important measure is soil treatment using fungicides. Diseases like sheath blight, rice blast, and bacterial blight are often linked to harmful soil pathogens. To prevent these, it's advisable to use fungicides such as carbendazim, thiram, thiophanate-methyl, and their combinations. A dosage of over 150 grams per mu is typically recommended, which can be mixed with base fertilizer to provide protection for up to 25–30 days after transplanting, ensuring healthy crop development.
Pest control in waterlogged fields is also critical. Rice weevils and other aquatic pests feed on roots, stems, and heart leaves, causing significant damage. To manage this, insecticides like phoxim, phorate, trichlorfon, and chlorpyrifos can be applied before transplanting. These can be mixed with fertilizer and scattered in the field, followed by a thorough tilling. When the field is drained, the same chemicals can be mixed with sand or soil and spread again to target pests effectively.
Promoting root development is another key strategy. Root stimulants such as amino acids, humic acid, cytokinins, and root-strength agents help enhance root growth, speed up recovery from transplant shock, and improve plant resilience. The application method is straightforward—after preparing the solution according to instructions, seedlings can be soaked for about 10 minutes before planting.
Finally, adjusting planting density can significantly improve field conditions. Many modern high-yield rice varieties tend to be dense, leading to poor air circulation and increased disease risk. By expanding row spacing and reducing plant-to-plant distance, farmers can achieve better ventilation and light penetration. For example, hybrid rice should be planted at 33.3 cm rows and 13.3 cm spacing, totaling around 15,000 hills per acre. Conventional rice can be spaced at 26.6 cm rows with 10–13.3 cm between plants, totaling about 20,000 hills per acre. This approach not only reduces weed coverage but also makes field management easier and lowers the likelihood of pest and disease outbreaks.
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