In recent years, rice cultivation has faced increasing challenges due to soil degradation and the rise in pests and diseases. One of the key strategies to address these issues is to enhance the nutrient content of the soil. Long-term farming without proper management has led to a deficiency in both macro and micronutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, boron, zinc, iron, and silicon. This imbalance weakens the rice plants, making them more vulnerable to pests and diseases. Therefore, it's essential to replenish these trace elements. Various micronutrient fertilizers are available on the market, including zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, borax, and silicon-based products. These can be applied as base fertilizers or used as foliar sprays during the green-up stage. For example, applying 8–10 kg of ferrous sulfate per mu (approx. 667 m²) not only helps adjust soil pH but also improves soil structure, enhances microbial activity, and boosts plant resistance.
Another important measure is soil treatment with appropriate fungicides. Diseases like sheath blight, blast, and bacterial blight often persist in the soil, contributing to recurring infections. Fungicides such as carbendazim, thiram, thiophanate-methyl, and their combinations are commonly used for soil disinfection. The recommended dosage is typically over 150 grams per mu, and it’s best to mix them with base fertilizers to ensure protection for the first 25–30 days after transplanting, which supports healthy rice growth.
Pest control is also critical. Rice weevils and planthoppers have become major threats, feeding on roots, stems, and young leaves. To manage this, insecticides like phoxim, phorate, trichlorfon, and chlorpyrifos can be mixed with fertilizer and applied before transplanting. Alternatively, when the field is drained, these chemicals can be combined with sand or soil and sprinkled back into the field. This method effectively controls both planthoppers and stem borers.
Promoting strong root development is another effective approach. Root stimulators such as amino acids, humic acid, cytokinins, and root-strengthening agents help improve root health, speed up recovery from transplant shock, and prevent root rot. Applying these solutions by soaking seedlings’ roots for about 10 minutes before planting can significantly enhance their survival rate and growth.
Lastly, adjusting planting density plays a vital role in disease prevention. Traditional high-density planting has led to poor air circulation and increased humidity, creating ideal conditions for pests and diseases. By expanding row spacing and reducing plant spacing—such as using 33.3 cm rows and 13.3 cm plants for hybrid rice, or 26.6 cm rows and 10–13.3 cm spacing for conventional varieties—farmers can reduce overcrowding. This promotes better light penetration and airflow, reduces weed competition, and makes field management easier, ultimately leading to healthier crops with fewer pest and disease problems.
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