Rice whitefly

This whitefly primarily infests rice plants, causing significant damage to crops. Its feeding behavior involves inserting its mouthparts into the leaves to suck sap, leading to yellowing, blackening, and the development of sooty mold, which further reduces photosynthetic efficiency and can result in reduced yield and quality.

Morphologically, adult females are approximately 0.71 mm long, while males are slightly smaller at about 0.64 mm. The first instar adults are covered with a white wax coating on their bodies and wings after 5–6 days. The first-instar nymphs measure around 0.29 mm, with three pairs of thoracic segments and developing antennae. They are pale yellow-green in color, flat and oval in shape, with 18 pairs of bristles along their edges. The front and rear bristles are longer and thicker compared to those on the sides. As they mature, their antennae and legs gradually degenerate. Second and third instar nymphs grow to 0.34 mm and 0.57 mm, respectively. The pupal stage, or "cocoons," are elliptical, measuring about 0.92 mm in length and 0.38 mm in width, with 4–6 bristles at the front and typically four at the back. These have an "upper" split line, indicating the emergence point for adults.

In terms of life habits, this species completes six generations per year in Hunan and seven in Fujian. The seventh generation is particularly active during the quail season, with both larvae and adults coexisting. Overwintering occurs on grassy weeds and fallow seedlings such as crabgrass, foxtail, Bermuda grass, and goosegrass. When temperatures rise above 16°C in mid to late April, adults emerge in early rice fields, with the first to fourth generations being the main damaging ones. Under optimal conditions—average temperature of 26.8°C and relative humidity of 72%—the egg stage lasts 9–12 days, first instar nymphs 2–3 days, second instar 3–5 days, third instar 4–6 days, and the pupal stage 6–8 days. The pre-oviposition period for adults is 1–2 days, and their lifespan ranges from 9 to 21 days.

In single-season rice, 3–6 generations may occur, with the 3rd to 5th generations being the most damaging. For double-crop late rice, the 5th and 6th generations are responsible, with the 5th being the primary one. Generations often overlap, especially between the 3rd and 5th. The booting to filling stages are when damage is most severe. Factors like deep water irrigation, high weed density, excessive nitrogen fertilizer application, poor ventilation, and insufficient plant growth contribute to heavy infestations. High temperatures and droughts in July and August also increase vulnerability. Natural enemies include spiders, ants, lacewings, and parasitic wasps, which help regulate populations naturally.

For prevention and control, agricultural practices should focus on removing weeds along field edges and ditches, plowing out overwintering seedlings, and managing nitrogen fertilizer application. Proper planting density and improved field management, such as avoiding deep irrigation and promoting proper drainage, can reduce infestation risks. During the early nymph stages, targeted spraying with insecticides such as 25% Buprofezin WP (1000x), 40% Omethoate EC (1000x), 8% Dextromethorphan (1500x), 20% Schneiders Emulsion (1000x), 44% Speed Kai EC (1500x), or 20% Imidacloprid (Confodol) diluted 3000–4000 times can be effective. Integrated pest management strategies that emphasize early intervention and consistent monitoring are essential for long-term control.

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